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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Hypervolemic hyponatrema
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> in total body Na, BUT
and even greater > in total body water Edema formation results |
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Describe Euvolemic hyponatrema
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Normal body Na, But there's an > in total body water; therefore hyponatremia results by dilution
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Describe Hypovolemic hyponatremia
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Occurs in Extrerenal and renal volume loss
Total body Na is decreased ADH is released, leads to water retention without Na retention |
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What are the causes of Renal Loss (hypovolemic hyponatremic)?
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Mineralocorticoid deficiency
Diuretics Renal tubular acidosis Anion gap acidosis Partial UT obstruction |
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What are the causes of Euvolemic hyponatremia
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Post operative hyponatremia
Hypothyroidism SIADH |
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What causes Hypervolemic hyponatremia?
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Nephrotic syndrome
CHF Cirrhosis Renal failure |
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What causes Pseudohyponatremia?
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Hypertriglyceridemia
Multiple Myeloma |
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What causes Redistributive hyponatremia?
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Hyperglycemia
Mannitol infusion |
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Where do you see hypernatremia?
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commonly in the elderly
infants with diarrhea diabetes insipidus |
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S/Sx of hypernatremia?
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Dry mouth and mucosa
Flushed skin Fever Oliguria and anuria Confusion Convulsions Hyperventilation Hyperreflexia |
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Low urine sodium with polyuria
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Diabetes Insipidus
Leads to hypernatremia |
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What is the treatment of hypernatremia if sodium >200
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Dialysis
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What can rapid correction of hypernatremia cause?
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Pulmonary edema
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What are the clinical Features of hypokalemia
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Cardiovascular:
Ventricular arrhythmias Cardiac arrest Hypotension Neuro: Skeletal muscle weakness Cramps Ileus and constipation |
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EKG findings with hypokalemia
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Flattened T waves
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Causes of Hyperkalemia
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Renal failure
ACE inhibitors Cell death: Burns, Rhabdo acidosis |
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Clinical presentation of hyperkalemia
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Arrhythmia
Cardiac arrest Neuro: Numbness Tingling Flaccid paralysis |
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Tx for hyperkalemia
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Calcium gluconate
Sodium bicarbonate Glucose Insulin Kayexalate |
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Causes of hypercalcemia
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lung cancer
Vitamin D intoxication Hyperparathyroidism Sarcoidosis |
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These symptoms are characteristic of what electrolyte imbalance:
Anorexia Nausea Constipation Polyuria Polydipsia Dehydration Decreased QT |
Hypercalcemia
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How do you treat hypercalcemia?
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Calcitonin
Bisphosphonates |
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These are the symptoms of what electrolyte imbalance?
Paresthesias Seizures Tetany Increased QT |
Hypocalcemia
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