Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
what is the peak age for cancers incidence
|
50-85
|
|
|
where are most adult cancers derived from?
|
epithelium
|
|
|
where are cancers in children most often derived from
|
bone
bone marrow mesenchymal tissues most common= leukemia |
|
|
top 3 most common cancers in adult males
|
prostate
lung colon |
|
|
top 3 most common cancers in adult females
|
breast
lung colon |
|
|
most common cancers causing death in adult males
|
Lung
prostate colon |
|
|
most common cancers causing death in adult females
|
lung
breast colon |
|
|
what cancers are associated with alcohol
|
oropharyx
larynx esophagus hepatocellular carcinoma (2ndary to cirhosis) |
|
|
cancer associated with tobacco smoke
|
lip
oropharyx larynx lungs (90% of lung cancer deaths) esophagus pancreas UT cervix |
|
|
cancers associated with UV
|
squamous/basal cell carcinomas
melanomas UV-B and UV-A |
|
|
exposure to arsenic can lead to what types of cancer
|
lung, skin, and angiosarcoma
|
|
|
exposure to asbestos can lead to what types of cancer
|
lung mesothelioma
|
|
|
exposure to benzene can lead to what types of cancer
|
leukemia
lymphoma |
|
|
exposure to beryllium can lead to what types of cancer
|
lung
|
|
|
exposure to ethylene oxide can lead to what types of cancer
|
leukemia
|
|
|
exposure to napthylamines can lead to what types of cancer
|
bladder
|
|
|
exposure to radon can lead to what types of cancer
|
lung
|
|
|
what natural body feature is intimately linked to cancer
|
inflammation
|
|
|
exposure to Vinyl chloride can lead to what types of cancer
|
angiosarcoma
|
|
|
for most types of cancers, what percentage are linked to a familial cancer gene?
|
<1%
|
|
|
characteristics of familial cancer syndromes
|
2 or more relatives have or have had cancer
tend to occur at younger ages multiple or bilateral cancers tend to be AD or multifactorial typically tumor suppressor genes |
|
|
what percentage of breast cancers are familial
|
10%
|
|
|
common mutations that are associated with breast cancer
|
BRCA-1 &2
|
|
|
retinoblastoma
|
autosomal dominant malignant eye tumors in infants
germline mutation that arises with a loss of heterogeneity |
|
|
what is Knudsons two hit hypothesis
|
two Rb genes required to produce retinoblastoma
pt inherits one defective gene the other is lost by somatic mutation |
|
|
what is your risk factor for cancer development if you have familial adenomatious polyps of the colon
|
100%
|
|
|
what gene is involved with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2B and what are the clinical features
|
RET gene
marfanoid habitus ganglioneuromas of the tongue |
|
|
what gene is involved in neurofibromatosis
|
NF-1
|
|
|
clinical symptoms of neurofibromatosis
|
multiple neurfibromas that may lead to neurofibrosarcoma
cafe au lait spots lisch nodules |
|
|
what is xeroderma pigmentosum
|
AR defect in the NER gene
extreme sensitivity to UV light 2000x inc risk of skin cancer |
|
|
what is ataxia talangiectasia
|
AR defect in ATM gene (phosphorylates p53)
cerebellar ataxia oculocutanious talangiectasia (dilated blood vessels) sensitive to ionizing radiation- leukemia, lymphoma upon exposure |
|
|
what is bloom disease
|
homozygous recessive for BLM gene mutation
cutanious manifestations immunodeficiency sensitive to UV risk for leukemia/lymphoma |
|
|
what is fanconi's anemia
|
AR disease
pancytopenia chromo fragility risk for leukemia, squamous cell carcinoma, and hepatoma |
|
|
what are the steps in carcinogenesis
|
initiation - DNA damage
promotion- exogenous or endogenous (hormones, phenols, drugs, etc) |
|
|
what is thedifference btw direct and indirect initiators (of carcinogens)
|
direct are ready to go
indirect must be metabolized by P450 first |
|
|
what is the target of chemical carcinogens
|
DNA
causing irreversible damage and adduct formation |
|
|
what is cyclophosphamide
|
a direct acting chemical carcinogen used in cancer chemotherapy
|
|
|
what is benzopyrene
|
a polycyclic aeromatic hydrocarbon in tobacco smoke that is related to lung cancer
indirect acting |
|
|
what is vinyl chloride
|
a polycyclic aeromatic hydrocarbon formed fro plastic manufacture
related to angiosarcoma of the liver indirect acting |
|
|
what are nitrosamines
|
indirect acting carcinogens
implicated in: GI, UT malignancies &esophageal carcinomas |
|
|
what is aflatoxin B1
|
indirect acting product of aspergillus flavus that induces a p53 mutation
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
what are the carcinogenic actions of tobacco
|
indirect- benzopyrenes and nitrosamines
promoter- irritants in tobacco smoke multiplier of many other carcinogens alcohol is a co-promotor |
|
|
what is HTLV-1
|
and RNA retrovirus that causes CD4 T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
|
|
|
transmission of HTLV-1
|
sex
IV drugs transfusions mother to infant |
|
|
method of action for HTLV-1 cancer induction
|
produces Tax gene
Tax causes polyclonal expansion of CD4 T cells T-cells are "primed" for mutations accumulation of mutations yeild monoclonal neoplastic cells |
|
|
what are the benign HPV lesions
|
verruca vulgaris- warts
condyloma accuminatum- venerial warts squamous papillomas- mouth, conjunctiva, resp tract |
|
|
when does an HPV infection lead to a high risk for oncogenesis
|
when the DNA is inserted into the genome due to a loss of the E2 protein gene
|
|
|
what key cell product does HPV E6 protein inactivate
|
p53
|
|
|
what key cell product does HPV E7 inactivate
|
RB, which arrests the cell cycle
|
|
|
what are the key cancers associated with infection of EBV
|
burkitts lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma in the immunosuppressed hodkins lymphoma nasopharyngeal lymphoma |
|
|
EBV oncogenic factors
|
CD21
LMP-1 EBNA-2 Vil-10 |
|
|
where is burkitts lymphoma endemic?
|
africa
|
|
|
where is EBV nasopharyngeal carcinoma endemic
|
southern china
eskimos parts of africa |
|
|
what type of cancer is hepatitis B & C associated with?
|
hepatocellular carcinoma
|
|
|
what type of virus produces Hep C?
|
RNA
|
|
|
what type of virus produces Hep B
|
DNA
|
|
|
what aflatoxin is considered a cofactor for Hep B induced carcinomas
|
Aspergillus flavus
|
|
|
why do Hepatitis infections lead to carcinomas>
|
the establish a chronic infection with chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling
this also leads to liver cirrhosis |
|
|
what is human herpes virus 8 also known as?
|
karposi's sarcoma
|
|
|
what is Karposi's sarcoma
|
a neoplastic proliferation of blood vessels or vessel forming mesenchyme
it is an AIDS defining lesion induced by tat gene and cytokines produced by HIV infected CD4 cells |
|
|
what cancers are associated with H. pylori infections
|
adenocarcinoma of the stomach
gastric lymphoma of the MALT |
|
|
what strains of H. pylori are most associated with adenocarcinoma
|
ones that contain the CagA gene
mimics growth factor |
|
|
what are the effects of tumors on the host?
|
cachexia
impingement on local structures metastases paraneoplastic syndromes- hormones or cytokines secreted by the tumor that have systemic effects |
|
|
what induces cachexia in cancer pts
|
tumor secretions:
PIF-proteolysis LMF- lipolysis pro-inflammitory cytokines |
|
|
tumor secretion of PIF and cytokines has what effect on the body? (cachexia)
|
activates the ubiquitin- proteosome pathway
-myosin degradation |
|
|
what are the two types of paraneoplastic syndromes
|
endocrineopathies
syndroms due to Ab |
|
|
types of endocrinopathies
|
hypercalcemia- PTH-related protein (lung, kidney, breast)
polycythemia- erythrolpoietin (Renal) cushing's- ACTH (lung) |
|
|
what are the Ab mediated syndromes given in lecture
|
myopathies- caused by peripheral neuropathies
Myasthenic syndrome (Lambert-Eaton)-muscle weakness. ass. with lung cancer |
|
|
what is paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans
|
grey-black pigment in skin folds
associated with: gastric carcinoma Lung cancer breast cancer |
|
|
hematologic syndromes associated with malignancy
|
hypercoagulable states
granulocytosis (CSF secreting tumor) thrombocytosis- thrombopoietin of IL-6 |
|
|
CEA inc in blood indicates
|
colon cancer
|
|
|
alpha-fetoprotein inc in blood indicates
|
liver and testicular cancer
|
|
|
B-HCG in blood indicates
|
choriocarcinoma (placenta/germ cell)
|
|
|
PSA inc in blood indicates
|
prostate cancer
|
|
|
VMA, HVA, NSE inc in blood indicates
|
neuroblastoma
|
|
|
CA-15-3 inc in blood indicates
|
breast cancer
|
|
|
CA-125 inc in blood indicates
|
ovarian cancer
|
