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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 3 types of polyps?
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sessile
pedunculated papillary |
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benign tumors of bone
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osteoma
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benign tumors of fibrous tissue
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fibroma
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benign tumors of cartilage
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chondroma
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benign tumors of SM
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leiomyoma
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benign tumors of Skeletal M
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rhabdomyoma
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benign tumors of fat
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lipoma
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benign tumors of blood vessels
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hemangioma
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benign tumors of lymph
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lymphangioma
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malignant Epithelial tumors
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carcinomas
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malignant tumors of squamous epithelium
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squamous cell carcinoma
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malignant tumor of Basal cells of the skin, hair, sweat glands, etc
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basal cell carcinomas
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malignant tumor of a Glandular cell, duct, or columnar cell origin
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adenocarcinoma
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mesenchymal tumors are called
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_____sarcomas
just add prefix (chondro, lipo, etc etc) |
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what are the two neoplasms of neuroectodermal/ melanocyte cells
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Nevus - does not grow
malignant melanoma - enlarges, irregular outline, may ulcerate |
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what are the two placentally derrived tumors
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• Hydatidiform mole
o Benign • Choriocarcinoma o malignant |
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What is a seminoma?
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malignant germ cell tumor in males
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what is a Dysgerminoma
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malignant germ cell tumor in females
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most common neoplasms of the salivary and lacrimal gland?
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• Pleomorphic adenoma
o Usually benign |
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most common benign breast tumor?
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fibroadenoma
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most common kidney tumor of children?
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• Nephroblastoma
o Wilms tumor o malignant |
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what are teratomas
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all three germ layers present
gonadal tumors |
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what is a dermoid cyst
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benign mature teratoma
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what is a teratocarcinoma
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malignant, immature gonadal tumor
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what is a myxoma
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1. Benign tumor of mesenchyme with a mucoid appearance
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what is the most common benign tumor of the heart
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myxoma
lethal due to location |
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which neoplasms are always malignant
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1. Hepatoma
2. Melanoma 3. Lymphoma 4. Multiple myeloma 5. Mesothelioma 6. Gliomas 7. Seminoma |
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What are the two types of hematopoietic neoplasms?
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lymphoma
leukemia |
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what are the neoplasms of the nervous system?
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meningioma
neuroma glioma |
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what is heteropia
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1. Small areas of mature tissue from one organ w/in another organ
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what is a choristoma
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a. One or more mature tissues aggregate to form a tumor at an inappropriate site
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what is a hamartoma
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malformation of an abnormal mixture of tissues native to the site
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what is transformation
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malignant change in a target cell
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what is a benign differentiation
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o Indistinguishable from normal cells of the same type, they are just able to proliferate unchecked
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what is a malignant differentiation
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o Vary from well to poorly differentiated
o Take on primitive, unspecialized characteristics |
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what is anaplasia
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reversion of a cell to an undifferentiated form
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what is the tumor grading system and what does it mean
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Grade 1 through 3
well differentiated --to -- poorly differentiated |
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what is pleomorphism
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variation in size and shape
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what is hyperchromatic
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increased staining of nucleus
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what is the morphology of anaplasia?
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pleomorphism
hyperchromatic inc nuclear to cytoplasmic ration inc mitotic activity loss of polarity poss: tumor giant cells or necrosis |
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what is dysplasia
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abnormal growth of cells involving only part of the epithelium
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what is carcinoma in situ
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a precancer that is the continuation of dysplasia and involves the full thickness of the epithelium
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what is a growth fraction
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proportion of cells that are proliferating
measured by S-phase or a proliferative marker |
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what does a high growth fraction mean
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aggressive tumor
amenable to chemo |
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what is the origin of cancer?
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a monoclonal cell
mutations in a progenitor cell cancer can progress from here |
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what is tumor progression
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acquisition of aggressive behavior
incrementally acquired from multiple mutations |
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what is tumor heterogeneity
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different populations of phenotype within the same tumor "multiple subcolonies"
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what is the "local invasion" of benign tumors
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non-invasive
cohesive encapsulated can be surgically enucleated (shelled out) EXCEPTION: hemangiomas are not encapsulated |
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what is the "local invasion" of malignant tumors
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infiltration/extension into surrounding tissue
desmoplastic stroma (fibrous network throughout tumor) |
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adenocarcinoma
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malignant glandular tumor
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what is the most reliable sign of malignancy?
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metastases
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what is metastasis
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"tumor implants discontinuous with the primary tumor"
spread of the tumor to other sites |
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which invasive malignancies do not metastasize
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gliomas
basal cell carcinomas |
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what are the 3 pathways of metastases
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seeding
lymphatic blood borne |
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what is tumor staging?
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this is the most important determinant of cancer prognosis/outcome
derived from statistics on tumor outcomes stage 0= TisN0M0, in situ carcinoma stage I= small, invasive, local, pramary tumor Stage II & III= inc tumor size, extension, LN involvement Stage IV= blood borne metastases or inoperable local tumor |
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what is "seeding"
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cancer breaks through to an "open field" and spreads
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what is "lymphatic spread" (pathways of metastases)
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carcinomas that metastasize via lymph
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what is a carcinoma
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tumor derrived from epithelial cells
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common examples of lymphatic spread
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oral cancers- cervical lymph nodes
breast cancer- axillary lymph nodes lung cancer- perihilar lymph nodes colon cancer- paracolic lymph nodes |
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what is a sentinel lymph node biopsy
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first node to receive lymph from area of metastases
used for detection of breast cancer and malignant melanoma metastases |
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what is hematogenous spread (pathway of metastases)
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vessel invasion and tumor emboli
usually venous arterial spread is almost exclusively via lung initial rout for sarcomas occurs late in carcinomas |
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what are the most common sites of hematogenous spread
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lungs and liver
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What is the T of the TMN system
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primary tumor size and depth of invasion
Tis= no invasion T1= invasive, but small and confined to primary site T2-4= increasing in size, depth, invasion at primary site |
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what is the N of the TMN system
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nodal involvement
N0= none N1=regional nodes |
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what is the M of the TMN sys
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blood borne metastases
M0= none M1=present = stage IV |
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what do you use if a portion of the TMN sys is unknown?
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X
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