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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tumor
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Neoplasm.
Can be Benign or Malignant.. |
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Carcinoma
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Malignant.
Cancer of the Epithelial Tissue. |
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Sarcoma
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Cancer in the Connective Tissue.
Fibro, Osteo, Chondro. All are Malignant. |
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OMA
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Refers to tumor.
Adenoma, Fibroma, Lipoma. All are benign. |
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Adenoma
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Benign
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Lipoma
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Benign
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Fibroma
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Benign
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Lymphoma
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Malignant
Hodgkins, Non Hodgkins |
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Anaplasia
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Cancer
Nucleus, cell size, shape varies. Mitosis increases. Loss of differentiation. |
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Cell Differentiation
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Cell has matured and is fully functional. The cell is not Malignant.
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Local Effects of Cancer
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Pressure-erosion, obsruction, pain, bleeding and fx altered. Inflammation-necrosis at tumor mass, possible ulceration.
Nerve tissue damage-reduced impulse conduction. |
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Systemic Effects of Cancer
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Anorexia-loss of appetite.
Cachexia-muscle wasting from malnutrition, reduced proteins ingested. Fever at night-causes are chemo, radiation and leukemia. Chronic bleeding. Infection-because of decrease in WBC, bone marrow destruction. Paraneoplastic Syndrome |
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Paraneoplastic Syndrome
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tumor cells release abnormal substances and are not suppose to
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Tumor Markers
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Found in body fluids. Substance produced by benign or malignant tumor cells.Number of tumor markers correlates with the size and metastasize of tumor.
Can be found on all membranes. |
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Diagnosis
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Blood Studies
Tumor Markers Imaging Biopsy/Cytology |
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Blood Studies
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Look for cell differentiation and morphology of the cell.
Blood count looks for elevated lymphocytes (w/leukemia) Hb & Hct are down with anemia. Look to see if cancer has metastasized. |
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Tumor Markers
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Number of tumor markers correlates with the size and metastasize of tumor.
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Tumor Marker--CEA
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CEA-Carcinoma Embryonic Antigen
Seen on certain colon, pancreas, lung and breast cancers. This antigen is found in fetal intestines. |
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Tumor Marker--HCG
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HCG-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Released by placenta. |
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Tumor Marker--PSA
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PSA-Prostate Specific Antigen
PSA levels increase malignant prostatic cancer. BPH-Benign Prostatic Hyperrophy |
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Tumor Marker--Hormones
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Elevated ACTH. This normally stimulates adrenal cortex and release of cortisol.
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Tumor Marker--AFP
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AFP-Alpha Fetal Protein
Liver, germ cell cancers. (teratocarcinomas) |
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Tumor Markers--Chromosomes
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Specific types are genetic markers.
Ex-CA125 is associated with ovarian tumors & benign conditions like endometriosis. |
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Imaging used for Diagnosis
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X-ray
CT Bonescans MRI Ultrasound Radioisotopes PET Sigmoidscopy Colonoscopy |
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Biopsy/Cytology
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Bisopsy is done on sloughed off cells.
Aspiration can come from Bone Marrow. Biopsy can come from tissue aspirations. |
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Tumor Marker--Hormones
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Elevated ACTH. This normally stimulates adrenal cortex and release of cortisol.
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Spreading of Neoplasms from Primary Site
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Primary site is called in situ or malignancy in site.
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Invasion
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Spreads through the basement membrane and CT to adjacent tissues and blod vessels.
Enzymes are released that errode tissues. |
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Tumor Marker--AFP
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AFP-Alpha Fetal Protein
Liver, germ cell cancers. (teratocarcinomas) |
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Tumor Markers--Chromosomes
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Specific types are genetic markers.
Ex-CA125 is associated with ovarian tumors & benign conditions like endometriosis. |
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Seeding
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Releasing in fluids and moves to nearby area or along the membranes.
(but not metastasis in blood or lymph!) |
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Metastis
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Through Blood or Lymph.
Cancer moves through lymph first. THen the cancer cells erode through capillaries and establish a secondary site, ofter lymph nodes first. Common places: liver, lungs, brain, bones |
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Imaging used for Diagnosis
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X-ray
CT Bonescans MRI Ultrasound Radioisotopes PET Sigmoidscopy Colonoscopy |
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Cancer Classifications
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Grading and Staging
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Biopsy/Cytology
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Bisopsy is done on sloughed off cells.
Aspiration can come from Bone Marrow. Biopsy can come from tissue aspirations. |
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Spreading of Neoplasms from Primary Site
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Primary site is called in situ or malignancy in site.
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Invasion
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Spreads through the basement membrane and CT to adjacent tissues and blod vessels.
Enzymes are released that errode tissues. |
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Seeding
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Releasing in fluids and moves to nearby area or along the membranes.
(but not metastasis in blood or lymph!) |
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Metastis
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Through Blood or Lymph.
Cancer moves through lymph first. THen the cancer cells erode through capillaries and establish a secondary site, ofter lymph nodes first. Common places: liver, lungs, brain, bones |
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Cancer Classifications
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Grading and Staging
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Grading of Cancer
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Degree of differentiation, how much as taken place.
Grading is 1-4. 1 being the best prognosis, 4 the worst. If there is no differentiation, this is most malignant. |
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Staging of Cancer
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T, N, M
T-Tumor Size T1-T4 N-Nodal Involvement N0-N3. M-Metastasis to other organs M0-M2. M0-no metastais. M2-spreading Purpose is to determine the extent of the disease, prognosis and treatment. |
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Carcinogens
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These alter/mutate DNA.
Carcinogens that enter our body are detoxed/modified and we process the to avoid tissue damage. Chemicals in foods-alcohol, food generates free radicals, radiation, viral (HPV) Bacterial-H Pylori--stomach cancer Free Radicals occur from metabolic reactions. |
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Causes of Cancer
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Exposure combination-exposure to carcinogens from environment, cigarettes, UV light.
Repeated exposure-increase chance of DNA mutation. Cancer-related gene mutations in germ cells. oocytes, sperm (inhereted), breast cancer genes (inhereted). DNA mutations with mitotic erros during DNA replication or mytosis errors. |
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Gene Functions
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Gene codes provide directions for making proteins through transcription and translation.
Can repair DNA Regulate growth Proto oncogens Tumor suppressor genes Programmed cell death |
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DNA Polymerase
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Enzyme involved with DNA replication.
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Apoptosis
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Programmed Cell Death.
Each time a gene is replicated it starts to count down. Only a certain amount of divisions are allowed per cell, then the cell dies. |
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Regulated Growth or
Mytosis (proliferation) |
Pro & Anti growth genes code for pro and anti growth proteins.
Growth Factors are hormone like proteins that stimulate a variety of growth processes. |
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Angiogenesis Growth Factor
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Stimulate new blood vessel growth.
Tumor cells sdo this to increase blood flow to the cancer site. Cancer cells release a growth factor and receptors on cell membrane. They release their own growth factor. |
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Proto-Oncogenes
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This is the key gene mutates through carcinogenes or gene factors.
These genes code for normal regulated control of proliferation. If mutated, they are called ONCOGENES. They now promote growth and we have lost regulation of growth. These code proteins to regulate mitosis. |
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Tumor Suppressor Genes
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This gene codes for normal, regulated control of growth by suppressing tumor activation.
If these genes are inactivated, tumor suppression id GONE! |
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Cancer Cells
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Cancer cells often assimilate embryonic/fetal cells which are undifferentiated.
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Cancer Development
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Cancer is all about DNA mutation. 5-7 DNA mutations must usually occur before cancer develops.
Common mutations are protoonogenes, tmor suppressor genes |
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Major Disfunctions of Cancer Development
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Proliferation/growth, mitosis is uncontrolled.
Cell diferentiation is lost resulting in altered function. |
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Cell Responses to DNA Mutations
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Cell Death-occurs with extensive mutations.
Repair Damage-enzymes can repair DNA damage Divide & Pass Damage to Daughter Cells-cells accept damage and keep going. Tumor growth can develop overtime. |
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Stages in Cancer Development
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Initiating Factor
Promoted Exposure Continued Exposure |
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Initiating Factor
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First ireversible mutation. Dont know when it happens.
Could be: Inherited environmental replication errors |
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Promoted Exposure
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More mutations develop. The cell is moving from normal function through 5-7 mutations to dysplasia to anaplasia.
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Continued Exposure
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Doing more of the same that caused the problem.
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Comon Tissues for Malignant Tumors
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Epithelial (carcinoma)
Connective Tissue (sarcoma) |
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Mathods of Tumor Mass Invasion
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Enzymes Released
Rapid Mitosis Release various Growth Factors Gain Motility |
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Enzymes Released
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These help break through neighbor tissues. Cancer cells release enxymes to erode tissues.
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Rapid Mitosis
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This out numbers other tissues and takes over.
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Release of Various Growth Factors
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These can deactivate growth inhibitors.
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Gain Motility
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The tumors can move. Tight junctions/adhesions release and can slip over each other. Cell to cell adhesion is reduced. They no longer bind to each other and they break.
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Goals of Cancer Treatment
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Reduce mitosis/DNA replication
Reduce Protein Synthesis Reduce Blood Supply to the tumor site, starve the tumor. Strengthen Immuni Response help it to respond more aggressively. |
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Three Types of Treatment
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Surgery to remove the tumor.
Chemo which is toxic to normal cells and damages them. New Nano technology attaches chemo to small molecules and delivers with more specificity. Radiation. |
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Adverse Affects of Chemo and Radiation
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Treatment targets highly mitotic cells such as epithelial and blood cells.
Bone Marrow Damage causing blood cell production to decline. Anemia-Decrease in RBC's Bleeding-suppressed platelets Infection-WBC's suppressed. Reproductive Tract Damage- gametes damaged Epethelial Damage, mitotic sensitivity to chemo. GI tract mucosal damage. Follicles damaged causing hair loss. Local Damage w/Radiation try to get as close to the tumor as possible o reduce systemic effects. |
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Biological Responses
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Vaccines, Monoclonal antibodies
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Treatment Terms and Length of Cancer
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Curative-5 ears of no signs and symptoms after diagnosis and treatment.
Palliative-treatment designed to reduce complications and prolong life. Not a cure Treatment includes chemo and radiation. Adjuvant-popholactic (preventative) treatment. Remove breast if strong family history. Do chemo and radiation just in case after removal. |
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Our Own Body Defenses
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Cancer is fought like antigens.
Constant surveillance with: T-cytotoxic cells, T-helper cells. NK-Natural Killer Cells Antibodies-released by plasma cells Monocytes-become MACS Complement-variety of cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-causes desruction of tumor cells. |
