Neoplasia I, Ii, & Iii

Front 1

Agenesis/Aplasia

Back 1

The failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development; (aplasia) defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue

Front 2

Hypoplasia

Back 2

An organ that has cellular differentiation for a specific organ but has not grown to a functional size.

Front 3

Atresia

Back 3

A condition in which a body orifice or passage in the body is abnormally closed or absent

Front 4

Name the 2 ways atrophy can occur and possible causes

Back 4

1) All the cells of an organ shrink
2) Loss of cell number

Chronic ischemia, disuse (leg in a cast), motor nerve cut, lack of hormonal signal; autophagy occurs here (producing lipofuscin)

Front 5

Hypertrophy

Back 5

Increase in cell size, most often occurring in muscular tissue; this is an ADAPTIVE change to stimulus

Front 6

Hyperplasia

Back 6

Increase in cell number; adaptive change to stimuli

Front 7

Why isn't left ventricular hypertrophy tolerated for a prolonged periods of time?

Back 7

Blood supply cannot keep up with the increase in demand due to hypertrophy. Cells undergo apoptosis and are replaced with fibrous tissue (fibrosis)

Front 8

In Hyperplasia, is cell organization compromised?

Back 8

No

Front 9

Metaplasia

Back 9

The reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type

Front 10

Dysplasia

Back 10

Abnormal growth of cells that vary in differentiation (size, shape, function, etc); dysplastic tissue represents an accumulation of mutations and is on its way to CANCER. Severe dysplasia is considered irreversible

Front 11

Name 2 characteristics of neoplastic transformation

Back 11

1) Series of genetic mutations/events
2) Clonal characteristics

Front 12

Name the characteristics of a benign tumor

Back 12

Cohesive, expansive, circumscribed, localized

Front 13

Name the characteristics of a malignant tumor

Back 13

poorly circuscribed, invasive, metastasizing

Front 14

Name 3 ways metastasis can occur

Back 14

via blood, via lymph, or direct

Front 15

Melanin

Back 15

Black pigment

Front 16

Osteolytic cancer

Back 16

cancer that destroys bone

Front 17

Stroma

Back 17

functionally supportive framework of a biological cell, tissue, or organ (with connective tissue and blood vessels)

Front 18

Scirrhous stroma

Back 18

"hard" stroma arising from collagen as fibrous tissue surrounding cancer cells.

Front 19

Grading

Back 19

Assessment of the degree of differentiation of a neoplasm. Based on the resemblance of neoplasm to the normal tissue of origin

1) Well Differentiated (easy to tell)
2) Moderately Differentiated (not so easy to tell)
3) Poorly Differentiated (can't tell)

Front 20

Staging

Back 20

Assessment of the progression of a neoplasm in the body (clinical perspective--not just microscope morphology, as in grading). Based on size and extent of primary, and on the presence or absence of regional (lymph) and distant metastases.

Front 21

Carcinoma in situ

Back 21

Cancer in place, cancer in place

Front 22

Name the aspects of a neoplasm that contribute to its diagnosis.

Back 22

-architectural arrangement
-relation of neoplastic cells to normal surroundings
-cytologic features of neoplastic cells

Front 23

Anaplasia

Back 23

A reversion of differentiation in cells and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms

Front 24

Name the clinical consequences of benign neoplasms

Back 24

local mechanical effects, local complications, systemic endocrine effects (can be differentiated well enough to inappropriately secrete hormones)

Front 25

Name the clinical consequences of malignant neoplasms

Back 25

local mechanical effects, local complications, systemic endocrine effects (can be differentiated well enough to inappropriately secrete hormones), cancer cachexia (invasion!), paraneoplastic syndromes (not well explained mechanically or expected; ie hypercalcaemia due to abnormal peptide production)--syndromes can be more annoying than cancer itself

Front 26

Adenoma

Back 26

glandular growth, benign

Front 27

Types of benign epithelial neoplasms

Types of malignant epithelial neoplasms

Back 27

adenoma, papilloma, cystadenoma

adenocarcinoma, papillary carcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma

Front 28

Name 2 types of colon-originating polyps and define their difference

Back 28

1) sessile (broad based)
2) pedicle (attached to a long stem)

Front 29

pertaining to the tendency to grow outward, such as a tumor that grows into the lumen of a hollow organ rather than into the wall

Back 29

exophytic

Front 30

Supporting tissue neoplasms

Back 30

lipoma (liposarcoma), chondroma (chondrosarcoma), fibroma (fibrosarcoma), osteoma (osteosarcoma)

Front 31

cns neoplasms

Back 31

Meningioma (almost all benign), glioma (malignant)

Front 32

neoplasms with mixed differentiation

Back 32

carcinosarcoma, teratoma (gonads benign in females, malignant in males--for the most part)