Neoplasia 4/5

Front 1

ERB2 (HER-2/NEU) receptor gene

Back 1

Growth factor receptor that is amplified, resulting in too many receptors on the cell surface. Leads to breast and ovarian cancers

Front 2

RET gene

Back 2

encodes a receptor for neurotrophic factor, altered by a point mutation that causes Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN 2a and 2b). Also encodes for Familial MTC presenting as medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism

Front 3

K-RAS gene

Back 3

GTP binding family. Can undergo a point mutation that leads to pancreas, colon, and lung cancers. If point mutation is successful RAS protein will stay "on" all the time

Front 4

WNT signaling pathway

Back 4

APC is mutated it is unable to breakdown B-catenin released from membrane complexes, so B-catenin level in the cell increase and signals the nucleus to be active. causes (non-familial colorectal carcinoma (FAP))

Front 5

ABL gene translocation

Back 5

Philadelphia chromosome translocation from c-9 to c-22. the c-abl proto-oncogene is xfred. Leads to chronic myeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Treat with Gleevec (inhibits tyrosine kinase)

Front 6

C-myc translocation

Back 6

Burkitt's lymphoma. The C-myc gene from c-8 to c-14. Transcriptional activator

Front 7

N-myc amplification

Back 7

Neuroblastoma, Small-cell CA of lung. Amplification copied either within a large homegenously staining region (HSR) or in double minutes scattered throughout genome

Front 8

RAR- PML translocation

Back 8

C-17, C-15 causing RAR-PML gene causing granulocytes to end development prematurely. Results in acute pro0myelocytic leukemia. Treat with ATRA

Front 9

Cyclin D1 translocation

Back 9

C- 11 and Ig-heavy chain gene on C-14. results in increased cyclin D1 production, which increases movement from G to S phase. Mantel cell lymphoma.

Front 10

Cyclin D amplification

Back 10

Breast and Esophageal cancers

Front 11

Ig-heavy chain gene to Bcl-2 locus translocation

Back 11

C-14 to C-18. Enhanced expression of BCL-2 (inhibiting apoptosis). Gollicular lymphoma, B cells in follicles don't apoptose like they are supposed to.

Front 12

APC (mutation)

Back 12

prevents nuclear transciption. If both alles are mutated familial polyposis coli is likely. Can happen through somatic mutations or methylations

Front 13

BRCA-1 (mutation)

Back 13

plays a role in double-strand break repair. Recuits RAD51 to the break after ATM has discovered it, facilitating repair. Breast and ovarian cancers

Front 14

BRCA-2 (mutation)

Back 14

plays a role in double-strand break repair. Recuits RAD51 to the break after ATM has discovered it, facilitating repair. Ovarian cancers less severe

Front 15

INK4a/AFR gene (mutation)

Back 15

Encodes tumor suppressor proteins Rb and p53. Mutation causes lost capacity to block cyclin D-CDK4 activity and lost capacity to prevent Rb prosphorylation during cell cycle.

Front 16

Rb protein (mutation)

Back 16

normally inhibits transition from G1 - S phase. Double hit to INK4a/AFR gene causes retinoblastoma or osteogenic sarcoma.

Front 17

p53 protein (mutation)

Back 17

normally inhibits transition from G1 - S phase in the presence of DNA damage. Activates p21 which inhibits cyclin and CDK4. Can activate BAX apoptotic pathway. Li-Fraumeni syndrome in mutations

Front 18

HPV E6 and E7

Back 18

inhibit p53 which can cause cervical cancer

Front 19

VHL gene (mutation)

Back 19

located on C-3 part of ubiquitin ligase complex. Regulates nuclear transcription via HIF-1a. Mutations cause hereditary renal cell CA, Pheochromocytomas, Hemangioblastomas of CNS, Retinal angiomas, and retinal cysts.

Front 20

PTEN

Back 20

increases transcription of p27, which is a Kip cell cycle inhibitor. If lost, endometrial CA is likely. (35-50% type I endometrioid CA) p53( 90%) of Type II non-endometrioid CA

Front 21

NF-1 protein

Back 21

Helps to inactivate Ras. Neurofibromatosis-1 in mutation of gene. Cafe au lait macules, iris hamartomas, increased risk of fibrosarcomas,

Front 22

NF-2 protein

Back 22

binds to actin and CD44. Loss of the functional NF-2 gene causes Neurofibromatosis-2. bilateral vestibular schwannomas and hearing disturbances

Front 23

P16/INK4a Hypermethylation

Back 23

Melanoma, pancreatic cancer

Front 24

BRCA1 Hypermethylation

Back 24

breast cancer

Front 25

VHL Hypermethylation

Back 25

renal cell carcinoma

Front 26

MLH1 Hypermethylation

Back 26

colorectal cancer

Front 27

MSH2, MLH1 Mismatch repair enzymes

Back 27

Mismatch repair enzyme. Hereditary non-polyosis colon cancer can develop. right sided colorectal CA

Front 28

Nucleotide Excision repair enzymes

Back 28

Defect in genes encoding enzymes that repair DNA after UV light damages skin cells causes XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM. basal cell CA, squamous cell CA, malignant melanomas developing after any sun exposure

Front 29

The warburg effect

Back 29

even in the presence of ample O2 cancer cells shift their glucose metabolism away from O2 hungry but efficient, mitochondria to glycolysis. Detected by PET scan, most tumors are PET positive

Front 30

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Back 30

these come from combustion of tobacco and smoked meats/fish cause many types of cancer including lung and bladder cancer.

Front 31

Aromatic amines and azo dyes

Back 31

broken down by the p450 system, are associated hepatocellular CA and bladder cancers

Front 32

B-naphthylamine

Back 32

from aniline dyes and the rubber industry, linked to bladder cancer

Front 33

Aflatoxin B

Back 33

toxin from a fungus in damp corn, rice, and peanuts that causes p53 mutations in the liver

Front 34

Nitrosamines

Back 34

formed in the gastrointestinal tract of humans after eating preserved meats, cause stomach and colon cancer

Front 35

Asbestos

Back 35

Brochogenic carcinomas, mesothelioma, gastrointestinal cancers

Front 36

Chromium and nickel

Back 36

lung cancers

Front 37

Arsenic

Back 37

Skin cancers

Front 38

Hep B and C virus

Back 38

HBx proteins activates growth factors and bind to p53 cause chronic liver cell injury and regeneration as well

Front 39

Epstein barr virus Antigen (EBVA)

Back 39

Burkitts lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal CA. EBNA activates cyclin D, which promotes resting B-cells to move from into growth phase. EBNA also activates transcription of LMP1, which mimics CD40 and activates other proteins that increase odds of developing c-myc mutations

Front 40

HPV 16, 18, 31, 33

Back 40

integrate their genome into cells and produce E6 and E7 which interact with p53 and Rb, respectively. This drives the production of cervical cancers.

Front 41

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1

Back 41

virus is endemic in parts of Japan and the caribbean. It is transmitted via sexual intercourse, blood, and breast feeding. Affects Tax gene, which stimulates transcription of viral mRNA. This activates c-Fos, IL-2 GM-CSF, and inactivates p16INK4a. Cells move from G1 to S

Front 42

Helicobacter pylori

Back 42

Causes gastritis in the stomach, which can cause chronic gastritis that can eventually lead to gastric lymphomas and gastric CA. CagA distrupts cell junctions and induces inflammation. VacA is produced as well, which induces apoptosis in cells, disrupts cell pathways, induces inflammation, and allows H. pylori to live within macrophages. Gastric adenoCA.

Front 43

Endocrinopathies

Back 43

lung cancer cells can produce excess ACTH and cause Cushing syndrome-like symptoms

Front 44

Hypontremia/SIADH

Back 44

some small cell CA of the lung produces ADH

Front 45

Acanthosis nigricans

Back 45

causes hyperpigmentation of the skin due to buildup of keratin layers - often occurs in skin folds - occurs often in GI malignancies

Front 46

Carcinoid syndrome

Back 46

Associated with Carcinoid tumors of the appendix or small intestine which produce serotonin -

Front 47

Hypercalcemia

Back 47

Malignant tumors account for 40% of all cases hypercalcemia because PTH-related peptide is released by squamous cell CA of the lung.

Front 48

Hypocalcemia

Back 48

Increased cacitonin due to medullary CA of the thyroid

Front 49

Gynecomastia

Back 49

due to excess production of human chorionic gonadotropin from choriocarcinoma of the TESTIS

Front 50

Eaton Lambert syndrome

Back 50

A myasthenia gravis - like syndrome caused by small cell CA of the lung

Front 51

Clubbing

Back 51

associtated with lung cancers

Front 52

Thrombotic diathesis

Back 52

Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis, vegetations on heart valves, or DIC

Front 53

Flow cytometry

Back 53

Measures the DNA content of cells and determines aneuploidy

Front 54

DNA Probe Analysis

Back 54

Fish can be used to detect oncogenes, bcr-abl fusion gene products, karyotype, and carry out DNA micro-array analysis

Front 55

IHC (immunohistochemical techniques)

Back 55

Use of antibodies to a range of antigens that are typical of particular tumor types

Front 56

EMA (epithelial membrane antigen)

Back 56

epithelial tumor origin

Front 57

Vimentin or desmin

Back 57

menenchymal tumor origin

Front 58

Leukocyte common antigen

Back 58

Leukocyte tumor origin

Front 59

Thyroglobulin antigen

Back 59

Thyroglobulin tumor origin

Front 60

CD10 (CALLA) antigen

Back 60

acute lymphoblastic leukemia tumor origin

Front 61

Placental alkaline phosphatase

Back 61

seminoma tumor origin

Front 62

vWF, CD31

Back 62

vascular neoplasms tumor origin

Front 63

Neuron-specific enolase

Back 63

neural tumor origin

Front 64

CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)

Back 64

elevated in colon, pancreas, stomach, and breast cancers

Front 65

PSA (prostate-specific antigen)

Back 65

elevated in prostate cancer

Front 66

B-HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Back 66

elevated in trophoblastic tumors

Front 67

CA-125

Back 67

elevated in ovarian CA

Front 68

AFP (a-fetoprotein)

Back 68

elevated in hepatocellular CA and germ cell tumors of testes and ovary

Front 69

NSE

Back 69

small cell CA of the lung

Front 70

Calcitonin

Back 70

Medullary thyroid CA

Front 71

CA 19-9

Back 71

colon cancer, pancreatic cancer

Front 72

CA 15-3

Back 72

breast cancer