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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tumor Marker |
Substance found in the blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer, among other tissue types. |
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PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen) |
1. Prostate Cancer 2. if hypertrophy just do exam, forbidden to take blood at least one week |
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Carcino-Embryonic Antigen (CEA) |
Ca-colon, pancreas, stomach, breast |
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B-human chorionic gonadtropin (B-HCG) |
Trophoblastic tumors (choriocarcinoma) |
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CA-125 |
Ovarian Carcinoma |
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A-fetoprotein (AFP) |
Hepato-cellular carcinomas, germ cell tumors of testes or ovaries |
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Benign Tumor |
Fibroma |
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Invasion |
Malignant |
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Metastasis |
Can go to diff organs |
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Prognosis |
Most imp factor |
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Benign |
1. Neoplasm that grows w/out invading adjacent tissue/spreading to distant sites (metastasis) 2. Usually well-circumscribed (w/lack of invasion) 3. Generally amenable to local surgery |
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Malignant |
1. Neoplasm that invades surrounding normal tissue 2. Usually spreads to distant sites (metastasis) 3. May be treated successfully or can follow deadly course |
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Intermediate (locally malignant tumors) |
1. Locally invasive- not benign 2. No tendency for metastasis |
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Carcinoma in situ (dysplasia) |
1. Pre invasive proliferation 2. Cytological features of malignancy (might be invasive) |
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Components of a tumor |
1. Stroma (connective) 2. Parenchymal (neoplastic cells) |
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Local Invasion |
Occurs in BM |
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Invasion of adjacent organs (continuous growth) |
Invasion-metastasize |
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Penetration of Body Cavity |
Pleura, Peritoneum |
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Penetration of Lymphatics |
Lymphs |
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Penetration of small venules |
Capillaries |
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Well-differentiated |
May resemble normal tissue, but shows invasion |
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Anaplastic |
Undifferentiated-WORST -must have a stage to properly diagnose |
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Mild Dysplasia |
CIN1 (1/3) and LSIL |
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Moderate Dysplasia |
CIN2 (2/3) HSIL |
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Severe and Carcinoma in situ |
CIN3 and HSIL |
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TNM |
Higher number is worse |
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Cancer Deaths (Prevalence) |
1. Lung 2. Prostate 3. Colon/Rectum |
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Male Incidence |
1. Prostate 2. Lung 3. Colorectal |
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Female Incidence |
1. Breast 2. Lung 3. Colon/Rectum |
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Asbestos |
Mesothelioma, lung, GIT |
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Radon |
Lung and Smokers |
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Inflammation can lead to cancer |
gastritis/colitis>dysplasia>adenocarcinoma, carcinogenesis |
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Carcinogenesis |
1. Multiple hits 2. Genetic Changes 3. Alterations in DNA 4. Proto-oncogens (on) 5. Tumor- suppressor genes (off) -alteration in apoptosis regulation |
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Xeroderma Pigmentosum (Spotted Pig) |
1. Automsomal Recessive 2. DNA excision repair is reduced or eliminated 3. Multiple types of skin cancers 4. UV |
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Smoking |
14 cancers |
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Aflatoxin in B12>Liver Cancer |
1. Mycotoxin>Aspergillus flavus 2. Corn, Rice, Peanuts 3. Potent Hepatic Carcinogen 4. Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
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HPV |
1. Inhibited by P53 2. Chronic Liver Cell injury 3. Regenerative Hyperplasia |
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HyperCalcemia |
1. Very imp para neoplastic syndrome 2. Release of PTH related peptide-malignancy 3. Squamous Cell CA of lung 4. Low serum PTH |
