Neoplasia 2

Front 1

neoplastic transformation

Back 1

chemical carcinogens
radiant energy
oncogenic viruses and microbes

Front 2

chemical carcinogenesis

Back 2

initiation, promotion, progression

Front 3

initiation

Back 3

rapid, irreversible, memory
permanent damage to DNA of target

Front 4

promoters

Back 4

can induce tumors in initiated cells, but are nontumorigenic by themselves. effect is reversible, does not affect DNA

Front 5

complete carcinogen

Back 5

chemicals that are both initiators and promoters

Front 6

incomplete carcinogen

Back 6

chemicals that are capable of initiation

Front 7

direct acting carcinogens

Back 7

do not require chemical transformation

Front 8

indirect acting or procarcinogen

Back 8

require metabolic conversion to the ultimate carcinogen

Front 9

what gene mutation is common in chemically induced tumors?

Back 9

Ras gene

Front 10

most widely used tumor promotor of carcinogenesis?

Back 10

TPA--activator of protein kinase C,which results in proliferation and modulates differentiation

Front 11

alkylating agents
direct acting carcinogens

Back 11

anti-cancer drugs

Front 12

acylating agents
direct acting carcinogens

Back 12

do not need metabolic conversion and are weak carcinogens; many are therapeutic agents, act by interacting with and damaging DNA

Front 13

procarcinogens

Back 13

polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
aromatic arimes, amides, and azo dyes
naturally occuring carcinogens

Front 14

nitrosamines and amides

Back 14

formed in GI tract and implicated in gastric carcinoma, caused by conversion of bacteria of nitrates and nitrostable amines to nitrites

Front 15

asbestos

Back 15

lung cancer, mesotheliomas, GI cancers

Front 16

vinyl chloride

Back 16

hemangiosarcoma of liver
plastic factory, then mass in liver;

Front 17

chromium, nickel, and metals

Back 17

volatized and inhaled causes lung cancer

Front 18

saccharin

Back 18

cancer in rats

Front 19

hormones (estrogen)

Back 19

endometiral cancer in post menopausal women

Front 20

effects of UV light on cells

Back 20

inhibition of cell division, inactivation of enzymes, induction of mutation, cell death

Front 21

XP

Back 21

AR disorder with defect in the NER of DNA, photosensitivity, and 2000x increase risk of skin cancer

Front 22

xrays

Back 22

skin cancer

Front 23

miners of radioactive elements

Back 23

lung cancer x 10

Front 24

atom bomb

Back 24

leukemia, breast, thyroid, lung, colon

Front 25

therapeutic radiation

Back 25

carcinogenic. thyroid cancer in 9% of those exposed to head and neck radiation

Front 26

DNA oncogenic viruses

Back 26

HPV, EBV, HBV, KSHV

Front 27

HPV

Back 27

70 subtypes; types 1,2,4 and 7 for benign squamous papillomas (warts); SCC of cervix and anogenital region--types 16 and 18; less frequently 31, 33.**
genital warts-- 6 and 11
E7 binds pRb; E6 binds p53.

Front 28

EBV

Back 28

herbes; Burkitt's lymphoma; B cell lymphoma in immunocompromised; hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Front 29

EBV induced Burkitt's

Back 29

infects nasopharynx epithelial cells and B lymphocytes via CD21 receptors; infxn of B cell is latent; actively dividing cells are at increased risk for mutation; t(8;14); 80% carry this translocation; 100% of nasopharyngeal carcinomas have EBV DNA

Front 30

HBV

Back 30

strong assoc with hepatocellular ca; endemic in far east and africa; HBV genome does not encode any oncoproteins and the pattern of integration is not constant; effect of HBV is indirect and multifactorial; liver injury and regenerative hyperplasia increase risk for genetic mutation

Front 31

HTLV-1

Back 31

assoc with T cell leukemia/lymphomas; endemic in japan and caribbean; sporadic in US; trophism for CD4+ T cells, which are target for neoplastic transformation; infected T cells transmitted by sex, blood products, and breast feeding. leukemia in 1% of infected; causes demyelinating neuro disorder

Front 32

helicobacter pylori

Back 32

causes gastric lymphomas (B cell)/MALTomas/marginal zone lymphomas more frequently than gastric carcinomas

Front 33

3 factors determining growth of tumor

Back 33

1. doubling time of tumor cells
2. fraction of tumor cells in replicative pool
3. rate at which the cells are shed or lost

Front 34

GF

Back 34

proportion of cells in proliferative pool; in fast growing tumors, 20% or less; high cell turnover, increased production, and apoptosis; effect on susceptibility to chemo; also correlates with level of differentiation

Front 35

prognostic indicator correlating with malignancy?

Back 35

extent of angiogenesis; vessel density is prognostic indicator

Front 36

most important angiogenic factors?

Back 36

VEGF and bFGF
elevated in serum and urine of many cancer patients
tumor cells may also produce anti-angiogenic factors like thrombospondin 1.

Front 37

angiostatin, endostatin, and vasculostatin

Back 37

angiogenesis inhibitors derived by proteolytic cleavage of plasminogen, collagen, and transthyretin

Front 38

invasion of ECM

Back 38

detachment of tumor cells from each other
attachment to matrix components
degradation of ECM
migration of tumor cells

Front 39

E cadherin

Back 39

transmembrane glycoprotein that is important adhesion molecule; linked by catenins, which lie under the plama membrane; downregulated in many tumors; fxn dependent on linkage to catenin. in some tumors, there is mutation in gene for catenin which reduces expression of Ecadheri

Front 40

attachment to ECM

Back 40

tumors with increased laminin receptors and integrins show increased ability to invade and metastasize
receptor mediated attachment to laminin and fibronectin

Front 41

degradation of ECM

Back 41

serine, cysteine, and matrix metalloproteinases

Front 42

migration mediated by:

Back 42

1. tumor cell-derived motility factor
2. cleavage products of matrix compounds (collagen and laminin)

Front 43

tumor antigens

Back 43

TSA on tumor cells; TAA on tumor cells and some normal cells; TSA evoke cytotoxic T cell response; present within tumor cells on MHC I molecules