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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is progressive overgrowth of cells without biological purpose and persisting after cessation of the stimuli which evoked it (autonomy)
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Neoplasm
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What is the study of neoplasms.
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Oncology
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What is the most significant microscopic features of malignant cells?
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nuclear alteration
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What kind of nuclear alteration malignant cells have?
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1. nuclear enlargement with increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
2. nuclear hyperchromasia 3. Irregular nuclear contour 4. Prominent nucleoli 5. abnormal mitosis |
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Contrast between benign tumors and malignant tumors in term of differentiation, rate of growth, and mitosis
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benign: well differentated, slow, pleateau, or regress rate of growth, and bipolar mitosis
malignant: variable differentation and sometimes anaplasia, rate of growth varies but typically progress, rarely regress, frequent mitosis especially in Grade 4 and abnormal mitosis such as tripolar and quadripolar |
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Between malignant and benign tumor, which tumor has capsule?
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benign
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Define cancers, carcinoma, sarcoma
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cancer= malignant tumors
carcinoma= epithelial malignant neoplasm sarcoma= mesenchmya tissue malignant neoplasm |
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Neoplasms are classifed by __ and __.
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histogenesis and gross/microscopic characterstics
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What are epithelial tissue composed of?
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glandular, squamous, basal, transitional, and neuroendocrine
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What are the epithelial tissue cancers?
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Glandular= adenocarcinoma
squamous= squaous cell carcinoma basal cell= basal cell carcinoma transition cell= transitional cell carcinoma neuroendocrine= neuroendocrine carcinoma |
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What are the connective tissue cancer?
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Fibrous=fibrosarcoma
adipose= liposarcoma blood=hemaniosarcoma bone=osteosarcoma cartilage=chondrosarcoma |
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What are the muscular tissue cancer?
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Smooth muscle= Leiomyosarcoma
skeletal muscle= Rhabdomyosarcoma |
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What are the nervous tissue cancer?
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glial cells= gliobasltoma multiform
astrocytes=glioblastoma multiform or astrocytoma Schwann cell= malignant schwannoma |
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Define:
Hollow cystic masses typically seen in ovaries. What is the malignant form? |
Cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma
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Define
A neoplasm that projects above the mucosal surface producing an exophytic mass: Fibroepithelial polyps of skin Adenomatous polyps of colon (tubular adenoma) |
polyps
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Define:
Benign epithelial neoplasm growing exophytically in finger-like fronds (cauliflower) |
papilloma
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Define
Adenocarcinomas in which neoplastic cells grow uponstromal finger-like projections |
Papillary adenocarcinoma
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What is the problem with the naming of lymphoma, mesothelioma, melanoma, and seminoma?
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They are malignant
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Define
malignant lymphoma with diagnostic Reed-Sternberg cells. |
Hodgkin's disease:
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What is the malignant lymphoma of small non-cleaved lymphocytes
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Burkitt's lymphoma
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What is a form of single or disseminated angioma-like proliferation which develops spontaneously or is associated with AIDS?
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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What are Wilm's tumor and Ewing's sarcoma?
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W: nephroblastoma, embryonal carcinosarcoma,
Ewing: primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone and paraskeletal soft itssue |
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What is the problem with naming of Hamartoma
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Not a neoplasm but a congenital malformation
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__ neoplasms have __ tumors: derived froma snigle germ layer which gives origin to another type of tissue (divergent differentiation).
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Pluripotential neoplasm, mixed tumor
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__ neoplasms have __ made up of neoplastic cell representative of more than one germ layer (typically 3)
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teratoma
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What are the examples of pluripotential neoplasms?
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Wilm's tumor or nephroblastomas, malignant mixed mesodermal tumor of uterus, carcinosarcoma of breast, lung, ovary, synovial sarcoma
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Tubular or villous adenomoa of colon, dysplastic nevi or atypical melanocyte hyperplasia, epithelia dysplasia, and actinic keratosis of sun-damaged skin are examples of lesion and potential to transform into malignant neoplasm. What that' called?
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Pre-malignant lesions
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What are the features of dysplasia?
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loss uniformity and orientation, hyperchromatic nuclei, greater mitotic activity
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What to measure the severity of dysplasia?
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mild dysplasia= 1/3
moderate= 2/3 severe= in situ carcinoma |
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What are the fate of dysplasia
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may regress, remain or porgress into carcinoma in situ
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What's so dangerous about head and neck dysplasia?
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May progress into carcioma before full thickenss of dysplasia
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What is different about basal cell carcinoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, atypical fibroxanthoma of skin?
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malignant lesion that rarely metastasize
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What is different about smooth muscle tumor, fibrous histiocytoma of soft tissue, carcinoid tumor?
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benign or borderline lesion that sometimes behave as malignant neoplasm
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What are the stage of malignancy
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refers to size, local invasiveness, distant spread via lymphatic or blood vessels. TNM (tumor size, lympho node involvment, metasisis)
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Lab dignosis:
biopsy, needle aspiration, cytologic smear are called |
histologic and cytologic methods
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Lab dignosis:
-Categorize undifferentiated or poorly differentiated tumors. - Categorize lymphoma and leukemias. - Determine the site of origin of metastatic tumors - Detection of molecules that have prognostic and/or therapeutic significance |
immunohistochemistry
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what are the 4 molecular methods?
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flow cytometry, comparative genome hybridization, FISH, and DNA microarray analysis
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Explain flow cytometry
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Rapid and quantitative measurement of cell membrane antigens, or DNA content of cells.
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Explain comparative genomic hybridization
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Allows analysis of gene amplification and chromosomal gains and losses in tumor cells.
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Explain FISH
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DNA probes for chromosome specific sequences. The probes, labeled with fluorescent dyes, and applied to nuclei in interphase. The marked chromosomes are visualized under fuorescence.
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Explain DNA microarray
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Evaluates the tumor cell gene expression profile (up to 30.000 genes in one experiment). This method can be used not only for the diagnosis of unknown primaries, and of undifferentiuated tumors, but also can assess for tumor sensitivity to chemoradiation therapy and for prognosis
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How to submit specimen?
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1. fixed in formalin immediately
(gluteraldehyde for electron microscope) 2. avoid areas of necrosis 3. submit to the runner |
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Define
Morphologic, phenotypic and functional resemblance with the parent cell and tissue of origin |
differentiation. Grade 1 is well differentiated but Grade 4 is undifferentiated
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