Neoplasia

Front 1

Agenesis

Back 1

One of the reasons that an organ might be smaller than normal (in this case absent).refers to the failure of an organ to develop as a result of some developmental screw-up; even the primordial embryonic tissue never formed

Front 2

Aplasia

Back 2

One of the reasons that an organ might be smaller than normal. refers to the failure of an organ to develop normally; unlike with agenesis, the primordial embryonic tissue can be seen in aplasia

Front 3

Hypoplasia

Back 3

the organ tissue in the under-developed organ resembles normal organ tissue under the microscope

Front 4

Atresia

Back 4

the failure of a proper opening to develop. Examples include the anus, ureter, or some vascular opening

Front 5

Atrophy

Back 5

An acquired decrease in organ size.the organ reaches a definitive size and then shrinks by one of two general patterns (both of which involve autophagy): loss in cell size, or loss in cell number (due to apoptosis). There are a number of pathologic causes of atrophy, including ischemia, disuse, and neurogenic atrophy (when input nerves are cut). There are also a number of physiologic causes of atrophy, including loss of fetal structures, involution of organs with age, and involution of organs from hormone withdrawal

Front 6

Hypertrophy

Back 6

involves an increase in cell size due to synthesis of more cell contents.

Front 7

Hyperplasia

Back 7

Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number as a result of mitotic division.

Front 8

Fibrocystic change

Back 8

A condition of breast tissue characterized by increasing fibrous tissue in the breast, as well as hyperplasia of epithelial cells in breast lobules.

Front 9

Metaplasia

Back 9

A change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another due to gradual changes in the composition of the cell population. often occurs in response to environmental change; for example, esophageal squamous epithelial cells will gradually be replaced by mucosal epithelial cells (reminiscent of those in the stomach lining) in individuals who have acid reflux disease

Front 10

Dysplasia

Back 10

A change in the growth pattern of a particular tissue where growth is quite disordered. There is often abnormal morphologic variation within the cell population (varied size, organization, and maturation). may represent a step towards cancer

Front 11

Neoplasm

Back 11

An abnormal mass of proliferating cells that is commonly called a tumor. cells do not obey the usual homeostatic signals: mutations in these cells have caused control of their growth to be somewhat less controlled than it should be. It is important to note that neoplasms are persistent and irreversible; once the neoplasm has formed, whatever provocative agent initiated its development (foreign agent, endocrine signal, etc.) can be removed and the uncoordinated neoplastic growth will continue

Front 12

Benign neoplasm

Back 12

neoplasm is a neoplasm where the cells are incapable of invasion or metastasis

Front 13

Malignant neoplasm

Back 13

malignant (cancerous) neoplasm is a neoplasm where the cells are invasive and metastasizing

Front 14

Stroma

Back 14

A latticework of connective tissue and blood vessels that is created to support neoplastic growth. Without a stroma, no neoplastic nodule could grow much larger than 1 mm, and the stroma is crucial for cells in the neoplasm to receive nutrients (through the stromal vasculature) and to maintain structural integrity (from the connective tissue).

Front 15

Grading of neoplasms

Back 15

an assessment of the degree of differentiation of a neoplasm by microscopic analysis.

Front 16

Low-grade neoplasm

Back 16

resemble the parental tissue

Front 17

High-grade neoplasm

Back 17

do not resemble parental tissue (anaplastic)

Front 18

Staging of neoplasms

Back 18

an assessment of a particular neoplasm’s life cycle within the body. Staging is based on the size and extent of the primary, as well as on the presence or absence of regional and distant metastases.

Front 19

TNM System

Back 19

Measure of staging a neoplasm. Tumor is assessed for for size and invasiveness, Lymph Nodes are examined for penetration, and Metastasis is assessed

Front 20

Carcinoma in situ

Back 20

growth which has been captured before there is penetration of the basement membrane and invasion of adjacent tissue

Front 21

Adenoma:

Back 21

A benign neoplasm of glandular tissue

Front 22

Adenocarcinoma

Back 22

A malignant neoplasm of glandular tissue

Front 23

Papilloma

Back 23

A benign neoplasm where papilla are observed. may be the result of viral infection

Front 24

Papillary carcinoma

Back 24

A malignant neoplasm where papilla are observed

Front 25

Cystadenoma

Back 25

A benign cystic neoplasm

Front 26

Squamous cell carcinoma

Back 26

A histologically distinct form of cancer arising from uncontrolled multiplication of malignant cells derived from epithelium

Front 27

Lipoma

Back 27

A benign neoplasm of fat cells

Front 28

Liposarcoma

Back 28

A malignant neoplasm of fat cells

Front 29

Chondroma

Back 29

A benign neoplasm of cartilage

Front 30

Chondrosarcoma

Back 30

A malignant neoplasm of cartilage

Front 31

Fibroma

Back 31

A benign neoplasm of the fibrous connective tissue

Front 32

Fibrosarcoma

Back 32

A malignant neoplasm of the fibrous connective tissue

Front 33

Osteoma

Back 33

A benign neoplasm of the bone

Front 34

Lymphoma

Back 34

A malignant neoplasm of the lymph nodes [TRICK]

Front 35

Leukemia

Back 35

A malignant neoplasm of the blood and bone marrow

Front 36

Meningioma

Back 36

A neoplasm, often benign, of the cells in the meninges covering the brain

Front 37

Glioma

Back 37

A malignant neoplasm of the glia

Front 38

Carcinosarcoma

Back 38

A malignant neoplasm where the cells within the neoplasm have followed divergent paths of differentiation, producing a mixture of carcinoma and sarcoma

Front 39

Teratoma

Back 39

neoplasm (which might be benign or malignant) arising from germ cells. Because these cells are multi-potential, they can differentiate into nearly any tissue type. often contain bizarre tissue types (example: hair growing in ovaries)