Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the types of the cerebral cortex?
|
Neocortex - Newest, largest, and 6 layers
Paleocortex - olfactory, 3 layers Archicortex - hippocampus, 3 layers |
|
|
What are the layers of the Neocortex?
|
1. Molecular layer
2. External Granular Layer 3. External Pyramidal Layer 4. Internal Granular Layer 5. Internal Pyramidal Layer 6. Multiform Layer |
|
|
What is the Molecular layer?
|
1st layer; Superficial, few cell bodies, many axons, dendrites & glial cells
|
|
|
What is the External Granular Layer?
|
2nd layer; Small, closely packed granule cells
|
|
|
What is the External Pyramidal Layer?
|
3rd layer; medium sized pyramidal cells
Well developed in association cortex. |
|
|
What is the Internal Granular Layer?
|
4th layer; closely packed stellate cells.
Well developed in sensory cortex |
|
|
What is the Internal Pyramidal Layer?
|
5th layer; large pyramidal neurons called Betz cells origin of corticospinal tract
Well developed in motor cortex. |
|
|
What are Betz cells?
|
Large pyramidal cells found in the 5th layer of neocortex; origin of corticospinal tract.
|
|
|
What is the multiform layer?
|
Variety of cell types; 6th and deepest layer of neocortex
|
|
|
What characterizes the visual cortex?
|
Thin (1.5mm), well developed 4th layer
|
|
|
What characterizes the motor cortex?
|
4.5mm, well developed 5th layer
|
|
|
What are the primary areas of the brain?
|
Primary motor cx
Primary somatosensory cx Primary visual cx Primary auditory cx Primary olfactory cx |
|
|
What unimodal cortex is located in the frontal lobe?
|
Primary motor cortex
|
|
|
What unimodal cortex is located in the parietal lobe?
|
Primary somatosensory cortex
|
|
|
What unimodal cortex is located in the occipital lobe?
|
Primary visual cortex
|
|
|
What unimodal cortex is located in the temporal lobe?
|
Primary auditory cortex
|
|
|
What unimodal cortex is located in the limbic system?
|
Primary olfactory cortex
|
|
|
What is a primary association cortex?
|
information about a specific modality
|
|
|
What is a multimodal Association Cortex?
|
Integrates information on more than one modality
|
|
|
Primary motor cortex produces what?
|
Simple movement
|
|
|
Premotor cortex produces what?
|
Complex movement around multiple joints
|
|
|
Prefrontal cortex produces what?
|
Plan complex movements; integrative; stimulation produces no movement
|
|
|
Primary somatosensory cortex produces gives what?
|
elemental input on touch, pain, temperature
|
|
|
Primary somatosensory association cortex gives what?
|
more complex sensory determinations; soft or hard, round or flat
|
|
|
Multimodal somatosensory association cortex gives what?
|
Assigns meaning (perception) to sensory information; "I am holding a baseball"
|
|
|
What is the general flow of cortical information?
|
Primary to Primary Association to Multimodal Association
|
|
|
Are cortical regions interconnected?
|
Yes, adjacent regions are interconnected. Allows for higher-order integration.
|
|
|
What is the Superior longitudinal fasciculus?
|
Interconnects parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes of same hemisphere.
|
|
|
What is the Uncinate Fasciculus?
|
Connects uncus and anterior temporal regions with the frontal lobe of same hemisphere.
|
|
|
What is the Cingulum?
|
Interconnects the frontal, parietal, and occipital cortices of the same hemisphere.
|
|
|
What are the Brodmann's areas based upon?
|
Cytoarchitecture (histological); They happen to correspond to function; Numbered but not in any particular order.
|
|
|
Did Dr. Brodmann have a mustache?
|
Only on Tuesdays. He shaved it every Wednesday. Due to his peculiar hair color the mustache only reached recognizable status as a full mustache on each Tuesday.
|
|
|
Brodmann area 3, 1, 2?
|
Primary Somatosensory
|
|
|
Brodmann area 5, 7?
|
Somatosensory Association
|
|
|
Brodmann area 4?
|
Primary Motor
|
|
|
Brodmann area 6?
|
Premotor and Supplementary Motor
|
|
|
Brodmann area 8?
|
Frontal Eye Field
|
|
|
Brodmann areas 44, 45?
|
Broca's Area (expressive speech)
|
|
|
Brodmann areas 39, 40?
|
Wernicke's Area (receptive speech)
|
|
|
Brodmann areas 41, 42?
|
Auditory (41-primary, 42-primary association)
|
|
|
Brodmann's areas 17, 18, 19?
|
Vision (17-primary, 18/19-primary association)
|
|
|
S1?
|
Primary somatosensory cortex (3,1,2); post central gyrus; inputs from VPLc and VPM; Homunculus
|
|
|
What does somatotopically organization mean?
|
Organized according to body structure/layout; homunculus
|
|
|
S2?
|
Superior band of Lateral Fissure below S1; inputs from VPLc, VPM, S1; somatotopically organized; Bilateral inputs but contralateral predominates;
Crude awareness |
|
|
What are the pathways for S1?
|
S1 Dorsal Stream - projects to areas 5 & 7 (multisensory)
S1 Ventral Stream - projects to S2 (size and shape recognition) |
|
|
Lesion of S1 results in what?
|
Contralateral Hypasthesia and Hypalgesia
Poor localization Loss of ability to interpret touch, pressure, and proprioception |
|
|
Lesion of S2 results in what?
|
No know disorder.
|
|
|
A lesion of areas 5 & 7 result in what?
|
A lesion of the somatosensory association cortex results in astereognosia, tactile agnosia, cortical neglect
|
|
|
What does S2 stand for?
|
Second Somatic Sensory Area
|
|
|
What is astereognosia?
|
Deficit in understanding significance of sensory information.
|
|
|
What is tactile agnosia?
|
Inability to identify objects placed in the hands with eyes closed.
|
|
|
What is cortical neglect?
|
Patient ignores one side of the body and corresponding visual field; due to large lesion of parietal lobe.
|
|
|
What is area M1?
|
Primary motor area; Brodmann area 4; contains Betz cells in layer 5; example of agranular cortex
|
|
|
What is area 6?
|
Premotor area
|
|
|
What is area M2?
|
Supplementary motor area; medial bank of area 6
|
|
|
What are the primary motor areas?
|
M1 (4), area 6, M2 (medial 6)
|
|
|
What does the motor cortex receive inputs from?
|
VL, VPLo, somatosensory cortex
|
|
|
Motor cortex has what type of organization?
|
Somatotopic; functional distortion
|
|
|
What is the Jacksonian march?
|
Motor cortex seizure; spread of seizure according to homunculus (somatotopic organization)
|
|
|
Neurons in primary motor cortex show what type of sensitivity and what does that mean?
|
Directional sensitivity - cells have preferred direction in which they will fire most; Prior to movement; Execution of Movement (encode the movement)
|
|
|
Neurons in the Premotor association complex do what?
|
Motor planning in relation to environmental conditions; respond significantly before the movement; preparatory phase (learned)
|
|
|
Damage to areas 4 and 6 produce what?
|
Damage to the Primary Motor Cortex has contralateral paresis/paralysis, spasticity, clonus, babinski, wartenberg, and hyperreflexia (all UMN signs)
|
|
|
Lesion of the premotor and supplementary motor areas would cause?
|
Apraxia and Agraphia
|
|
|
What is Apraxia?
|
Inability to perform familiar tasks in absence of paralysis, sensory or motor deficit, deficit in comprehension; cannot tie one's shoe
|
|
|
What is Agraphia?
|
Disability in writing; loss ability to make unique signature; form of apraxia;
|
|
|
Area 8 corresponds to what?
|
Frontal Eye Field
|
|
|
What is the Frontal Eye Field?
|
Controls voluntary conjugate movements of the eyes; 8
|
|
|
What would a lesion to area 8 result in?
|
conjugate deviation of eyes towards the side of the lesion; cannot move eyes voluntarily in the opposite direction but can cause movement involuntarily through tracking
|
|
|
What is area 17?
|
Primary visual cortex; Striate cortex (appears striped); V1
|
|
|
Where is the primary visual cortex located?
|
Walls and floor of calcarine fissure (occipital lobe)
|
|
|
What are areas 18 and 19 referred to as?
|
Primary visual association cortex
|
|
|
What tract gives input to area 17?
|
geniculocalcarine tract
|
|
|
What is the geniculocalcarine tract?
|
Gives visual input to primary visual cortex (17); arises from LGN and uses the retrolenticular tract of the internal capsule to form the optic radiation
|
|
|
How is the visual cortex organized?
|
Columnar
|
|
|
What is the term for the parallel alternating columns that input onto the striate cortex?
|
ocular dominance columns
|
|
|
What layer primarily visualizes ocular dominance columns?
|
neocortex layer IV
|
|
|
What are orientation columns?
|
Interprets the axis of orientation (180 degrees); only sensitive to light going certain directions which gives ability to interpret orientation
|
|
|
How is the visual cortex organized?
|
Columnar
|
|
|
What is the term for the parallel alternating columns that input onto the striate cortex?
|
ocular dominance columns
|
|
|
What layer primarily visualizes ocular dominance columns?
|
neocortex layer IV
|
|
|
What are orientation columns?
|
Interprets the axis of orientation (180 degrees); only sensitive to light going certain directions which gives ability to interpret orientation
|
|
|
V1 does what?
|
Breaks down into line segments, simple forms, corners
|
|
|
What pathway connects visual pathways to the frontal cortex?
|
Uncinate Fasiculus
|
|
|
What is area 42?
|
Primary auditory association cortex
|
|
|
What area is the auditory cortex?
|
41
|
|
|
What is the primary input to area 41?
|
geniculotemporal tract
|
|
|
What is the Geniculotemporal tract in terms of the auditory cortex?
|
connects MGN and utilizes the sublenticular tract of the internal capsule to form the auditory radiations
|
|
|
What is area 41?
|
Primary Auditory cortex
|
|
|
What is the Geniculotemporal tract in terms of the auditory cortex?
|
connects MGN and utilizes the sublenticular tract of the internal capsule to form the auditory radiations
|
|
|
What are areas 41 and 42 associated with?
|
The auditory cortex
|
|
|
What is the location of the auditory cortex?
|
Temporal Lobe
|
|
|
Where is area 41?
|
Transverse gyrus of Heschl
|
|
|
How is the auditory cortex organized?
|
tonotopically
High frequencies are medial Low frequencies are lateral |
|
|
Will deafness occur when a auditory cortex is lesioned?
|
No, but hearing will be greatly diminished in the contralateral ear.
|
|
|
Why will deafness not occur as a result of a lesion to the auditory cortex?
|
The auditory sensory inputs are bilateral; however, most of the sensory information goes to the contralateral cortex.
|
|
|
Where is the special sense of taste associated with?
|
Area 43; next to sensory area for the tounge; projects to the VPM
|
|
|
What thalamic nuclei does taste go through?
|
VPM
|
|
|
What cortical region is associated with olfaction?
|
pyriform cortex on the parahippocampal gyrus
|
|
|
What thalamic nuclei is olfaction associated with?
|
MD
|
|
|
Where is vestibular information represented?
|
superior temporal gyrus (posterior to auditory cortex)
|
|
|
What is the function of the insular cortex?
|
Integrates input from all sensory modalities and relays it to the limbic system.
|
|
|
What is the anterior insula associated with?
|
produces visceral sensation (cardiovascular, respiratory, GI responses)
|
|
|
What is the thalamic nuclei associated with the anterior insula?
|
VPM
|
|
|
What functions does the anterior insula integrate?
|
olfactory, gustatory, autonomic
|
|
|
What is the posterior insula associated with?
|
Limbic system
|
|
|
What areas does the posterior insula integrate?
|
Auditory-somethetic-skeletomotor
|
|
|
How is the posterior insula linked with the limbic system?
|
amygdala
|
|
|
What general sense is the posterior insula associated with?
|
extrapersonal space
|
|
|
What are the language areas of the brain (Brodmann numbers)?
|
44, 45 (Broca's)
39, 40, and parts of 21, 22 (Wernicke's) |
|
|
What are areas 44, 45 associated with?
|
Broca's area
|
|
|
What anatomical area is Broca's area associated with?
|
Inferior frontal gyrus;
Motor speech area |
|
|
What are areas 39 and 40 associated with?
|
Wernicke's area
|
|
|
How area Broca's area and Wernicke's area connected?
|
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
|
|
|
What anatomical area is Wernicke's area associated with?
|
Inferior parietal lobule;
receptive or sensory speech area |
|
|
Which hemisphere is language normally found?
|
Left
|
|
|
What is a general loss of language?
|
Aphasia
|
|
|
What does aphasia mean?
|
loss of language
|
|
|
What is the inability to understand language?
A lesion of what area is this associated with? |
Receptive Aphasia;
Wernicke's |
|
|
What is the ability to understand speech but difficulty in generating it referred to as?
A lesion to what area is this associated with? |
Expressive Aphasia;
Broca's Area (44,45) |
|
|
What is the term for fluent but unintelligible speech called?
|
Jargon aphasia
|
|
|
What is a general loss of the ability to read?
|
Alexia
|
|
|
What is a loss of single word decoding?
|
Dyslexia
|
|
|
What is one type of incomplete alexia?
|
Dyslexia
|
|
|
A patient has complete loss of language function. What is this called?
|
Global aphasia
|
|
|
What artery can be associated with Global aphasia?
|
MCA occlusion
|
|
|
Is there recovery of large cortical damage?
|
Yes, especially language. Involves cortical remapping.
|
|
|
Can adult brains rewire themselves?
|
Yes, it is referred to as functional reorganization.
|
|
|
What is phantom limb pain associated with?
|
Overactivated S1 area corresponding to the missing limb. This overactivation is not seen in intact patients.
|
|
|
What structure was transected which allowed the discovery of hemispheral dominance?
|
Corpus Callosum
|
|
|
What is the Left Hemisphere associated with?
|
Language, arithmetic, and analytical functions
|
|
|
Which hemisphere deals with arithmetic and analytical fuctions?
|
Left
|
|
|
What is the Right hemisphere associated with?
|
Spatial abilities: art and music, recognition of faces, emotion
|
|
|
Where are the deficits of cortical lesions located?
|
Contralateral
|
|
|
What is a hallmark of Cortical lesions?
|
Higher order functions are often involved
|
|
|
How can "cortical syndromes" be caused by non cortical damage?
|
By damage to pathways such as the cingulus, to the basal ganglia, or to limbic structures
|
|
|
Why can only one limb be affected by cortical lesions?
|
somatotopic organization (humonculus)
|
|
|
Are visual field deficits a sign of cortical lesions?
|
yes
|
|
|
A lesion to the Internal Capsule will result in what?
|
UMN spasticity both arms
|
|
|
What area is often damaged when hyperalgesia is noted?
|
Thalamus
|
|
|
Are hyperalgesia, aphasia, and agnosia noted in internal capsule lesions?
|
No
|
|
|
What is a typic finding in a lesion of the thalamus?
|
Sensory and motor deficits; hyperalgesia
|
|
|
What is the difference between a coma and a vegetative state?
|
A coma shows no arousal or awareness while a vegetative state may show arousal.
|
|
|
What is a minimally conscious state?
|
arousal, inconsistent awareness
|
