Neo: Etiology Of Cancer

Front 1

is a loss the ability to differentiate (or a reversion to a primitive form).

Back 1

Anaplasia

Front 2

is the point at which a cell no longer responds to the normal controls for growth. The point of autonomy or self-sufficiency in growth signaling.

Back 2

Transformation

Front 3

What is a property shared by ALL neoplasms?

Back 3

Transformation

Front 4

is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer.

Back 4

Malignant Transformation

Front 5

is a normal gene that encodes for proteins that regulate cell growth and differentiation and can become an oncogene through mutation or over-expression.

Back 5

Proto-oncogene

Front 6

is a modified gene, or a set of nucleotides that code for a protein believed to cause cancer.

Back 6

Oncogene

Front 7

code for anti-proliferation signals and proteins that suppress mitosis and cell growth.

Back 7

Tumor Suppressor genes

Front 8

What are tumor suppressors in the form of generally and how are they activated?

Back 8

Transcription Factors
-activated by cellular stress and DNA damage

Front 9

what is the source of oncogenes and where are they found in the host?

Back 9

viral
host genome

Front 10

which are found incorporated into the host genome?
1) viral plasmids
2) viral oncogenes

Back 10

viral oncogenes

Front 11

why don't proto-oncogenes become oncogenes spontaneously?

Back 11

repressors

Front 12

oncogenes are known as the ______ genes that regulate entry of the cell into the tumorigenic pathway?

Back 12

gatekeeper

Front 13

genes that affect genomic stability such as:
-mismatch pair genes
-apoptosis
-other repair genes

Back 13

caretaker genes

Front 14

the "caretaker pathway" pathway to neoplasms is preceded by _______ before progressing to secondary gatekeeper mutations and ultimately neoplasms?

Back 14

genetic instability

Front 15

mechanism of carcinogenesis
1) production of abnormally stable TFs
2) production of excessive quantities of _______ and ________ _______
3) Excessive # of growth factor receptors = abnormally responsive cell
4) Expression of _______ activity

Back 15

autocrine : paracrine growth factors
telomerase

Front 16

the Knudson hypothesis suggests?

Back 16

cancers (neoplasms) can only be initiated by a cell that contains 2 mutations

Front 17

the multi-hit differs from the two-hit hypothesis of carcinogenesis in that?

Back 17

it will take multiple mutations of a cell before cancer ensues

Front 18

in the mult-step hypothesis can a single oncogene fully transform a cell?

Back 18

NO:
each of the multiple oncogenes play a part in full transformation in a combination effect

Front 19

What finding in cancer suggest the multi-hit hypothesis?

Back 19

that more than one gene alterations and loss of tumor suppressors are responsible in progression into a tumor

Front 20

what cancer provides a good example for multi-step carcinogenesis?

Back 20

colon cancer

Front 21

colon lesions evolve:
colon epithelial hyperplasia ---->________ ---> adenomas ----->
malignant transformation

Back 21

epithelial dysplasia

Front 22

what occurs first and last in the scheme of colon cancer progression

Back 22

APC tumor suppressor gene
loss of p53 and TGF-beta

Front 23

What are the alternative mutational pathways for GI cancer?

Back 23

1) Suppressor pathway (no target for mutator phenotype)
2) Mutator pathway (target for mutator phenotype)

Front 24

what gene is associated with breast cancer when mutated?

Back 24

BCRA 1

Front 25

BCRA 1 mutations are associated with all of the following except:
1) breast cancer
2) fallopian tube cancer
3) cervical cancer
4) ovarian cancer
5) prostate cancer
6) colon cancer

Back 25

cervical cancer

Front 26

the first stage in multistage carcinogenesis is called _____ whereby a carcinogen mutates DNA to a vulnerable state

Back 26

initiation

Front 27

the second stage in multistage carcinogenesis is called _______ when the initiated cell grows into a larger mass known as ________

Back 27

promotion
clonal expansion

Front 28

the last stage of multistage carcinogenesis is called _______ whereby a malignant tumor metastatically affects other cells' function and fxn of organs

Back 28

progression

Front 29

a most crucial stage of multistage carcinogenesis is called ______ at the point the cells become malignant

Back 29

transformation

Front 30

what are the 3 categories of carcinogens:?

Back 30

1) chemical carcinogens
2) radiant energy
3) oncogenic viruses/some microbes

Front 31

in the model of chemical carcinogenesis, one of the first means of ridding of the carcinogen is?

Back 31

detoxification and excretion

Front 32

Obesity
Physical activity
Dietary factors
colonic bacteria are examples of what concerning abnormal DNA replication

Back 32

promoter for

Front 33

After a malignant cell begins to proliferate, what feature ensues that maintains the metastases?

Back 33

angiogenesis

Front 34

How do tumorous cells reach other organs to cause invasion and destruction?

Back 34

bloodstream (possibly from its own vasculature?)

Front 35

Cells that look like cancer but have not invaded surrounding tissue are called DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) are seen in what stage of breast tumorigenesis/cancer?

Back 35

Stage 0

Front 36

Some of the cells from the tumor 2cm or less, spill out of duct. No cancer in lymph nodes. indicates what stage of breast tumorigenesis/cancer

Back 36

Stage 1

Front 37

most tumors in this stage measure 2-5 cm but have not spread to lymph nodes?

Back 37

Stage 2

Front 38

the cancer has taken hold in lymph nodes even if it measures less than 1cm in size is in what stage of breast cancer tumorigenesis

Back 38

Stage 3

Front 39

what stage of breast cancer is indicated when the cancer has spread beyond the breast, leading to secondary tumors in the liver, lungs, brain or elsewhere?

Back 39

Stage 4

Front 40

do powerlines increase the risk of cancer?

Back 40

no. studies have been inconclusive

Front 41

Chemical carcinogens
Radiant energy
Oncogenic viruses and other microbes
~ are examples of what?

Back 41

oncogenic agents

Front 42

Pervical Pott was a surgeon who elucidated the process of ?

Back 42

cancer scroti: occupational disease of chimney sweeper's cancer

Front 43

the action of direct acting alkylating agents are both therapeutic and destructive how?

Back 43

interacting with and damaging DNA

Front 44

what is the risk of cancer for direct alkylating agents?

Back 44

low

Front 45

these are examples of what?
cyclophosphamide
chlorambucil
busulfan
melphalan

Back 45

direct-acting alkylating agents

Front 46

Benz[a]anthracene
benzo[a]pyrene
3-methylcholanthrene
7,12, dimethylben[a]anthracne
are all examples of what type of potent carcinogens?

Back 46

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Front 47

what categories of carcinogens are related to smoking causing lung/bladder cancers

Back 47

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Front 48

associated with smoked meats and burning of fossil fuels?

Back 48

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Front 49

2-naphthylamine, 2-acetylaminofluorine, dimethylaminoazobenzene
β-naphthylamine
~ are all examples of what category of carcinogens?

Back 49

Aromatic amines
Azo dyes

Front 50

carcinogens become ultimately potent when they are metabolized and conjugated where?

Back 50

liver (P-450 oxygenase systems)

Front 51

what is required for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to become activated?

Back 51

metabolic activation

Front 52

These substances are carcinogens that are associated with gastric carcinoma and are derived from the GI bacterial flora?

Back 52

nitrosamines
amides

Front 53

occupational exposure to this substance is an associated risk for bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma, and GI cancer

Back 53

asbestos

Front 54

what substance is associated with hemangiosarcoma

Back 54

vinyl chloride (polymer)

Front 55

what are examples of metals that increase the risk for lung cancer

Back 55

chromium
nickel

Front 56

arsenic is associated with what type of cancer

Back 56

skin cancer

Front 57

aldrin
dieldrin
chlordane
polychlorinated biphenyls
~ are examples of _______ as carcinogens for animals

Back 57

insectisides

Front 58

which of the aromatic amines / azo dyes increase the risk of bladder cancer 50 fold

Back 58

Beta-napthylamine

Front 59

aflatoxin B1 is a chemical carcinogen from a ____ microorganism and is associated with ________ carcinoma when coupled with HBV

Back 59

fungal
hepatocellular

Front 60

the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 is produced from what fungal species?

Back 60

Aspergillus flavus

Front 61

betel nuts are chewed by SE Asians and may contain what toxin?

Back 61

Aflatoxin B1

Front 62

radiation carcinogenesis is implicated in what type of cancer with undue exposure

Back 62

skin cancer and breast cancer

Front 63

what is observed in regards to the onset of radiation induced neoplasms?

Back 63

latency

Front 64

Ionizing radiation produces _____ water which then affect the DNA --> neoplasms

Back 64

radicals

Front 65

squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma are associated with what carcinogen?

Back 65

UV light

Front 66

what type of UV rays are the culprit for skin cancers?

Back 66

UVB (200-280 nm)

Front 67

what type of UV rays penetrate the deepest in the skin

Back 67

UVA ( 280 - 320 nm)

Front 68

UV radiation causes ______ dimers of DNA

Back 68

pyrimidine

Front 69

DNA damage by UV rays (dimerization) is repaired by_____?

Back 69

Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)

Front 70

the 5 steps of DNA damage repair by NERs:
(1) Recognition of the DNA lesion
(2) Incision of the damaged strand on both sites of the lesion
(3) Removal of the damaged nucleotide
(4) ?
(5) Its ligation.

Back 70

Synthesis of a nucleotide patch

Front 71

what autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by a 200 fold increase of sun exposed skin cancer due to a lack of a functional NER pathway?

Back 71

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

Front 72

UVB light damage may affect what 2 genes?

Back 72

RAS
p53

Front 73

excision of damaged DNA is excised by these enzymes

Back 73

endonucleases

Front 74

defects in the bypass repair synthesis resulting in XP variants are caused by

Back 74

DNA polymerases

Front 75

what is the order of incidence rates of the 3 major skin pathologies

Back 75

BCC > SCC > melanoma

Front 76

these patients develop cutaneous malignancies 250 that of general population

Back 76

organ transplant recipients

Front 77

what is the dose at which carcinogenic effects become significant

Back 77

100 rads (I Gy)

Front 78

What type of rays induce cancers years after exposure?
1) UV rays
2) X rays

Back 78

X rays ( 5-20 years)

Front 79

The Chernoby Nuclear power plant fallout led to 2000 cases of what that is associated with irradiation, accidents and therapy?

Back 79

thyroid cancers

Front 80

The practice of treating ankylosing spondylitis with therapeutic irradiation yielded a 10-12 fold increase incidence of _____ years later

Back 80

leukemia

Front 81

Label each organ group in the order of susceptibility to cancer by radiation:
1) skin, GI, bone
2) thyroid
3) bone marrow
4) breast, lungs, salivary glands

Back 81

bone marrow = 1st
thryoid = 2nd
breast, lungs, salivary glands = 3rd
skin, GI, bone = 4th

Front 82

why is bone marrow most susceptible to radiation-induced cancers?

Back 82

high index of replication

Front 83

what microbial culprit is associated with gastric tumor carcinogenesis?

Back 83

Helicobacter pylori

Front 84

What genetic types of HPV lead to benign squamous papillomas (warts)?

Back 84

1, 2, 4, 7

Hint 84

1+2+4 =

Front 85

what are the 2 most common sequences of HPV-induced SCC?

Back 85

HPV 16:18

Front 86

HPV 31,33,35 and 51 are less commonly involved in the occurrence of what skin malignancies?

Back 86

SCC

Front 87

Genital warts with LOW risk in malignancy are what HPV types?

Back 87

HPV 6 : 11

Front 88

EBV is a herpevirus associate with what 4 pathologies?

Back 88

1) African form of Burkitt Lymphoma
2) B cell Lymphomas (HIV)
3) Hodgkin Lymphomas
4) Nasopharyngeal carcinomas

Front 89

EBV infects epithelial cells of what?

Back 89

oropharynx
B lymphocytes

Front 90

does EBV implicate itself into the cell as a :
plasmid
episome?

Back 90

episome

Front 91

starry sky appearance

Back 91

Burkitt's Lymphoma

Front 92

Hepatosplenomegaly due to metastases as a result of ?

Back 92

EBV

Front 93

HBV infection is associated with what type of cancer?

Back 93

liver

Front 94

HBV when integrated into host genome is NOT found to encode for oncoproteins but rather affect the host by a ______ and _____ process

Back 94

indirect
multifactorial

Front 95

HBV encodes for what protein that disrupts the normal growth of infected liver cells by interacting with growth promoting / suppressing factors(p53)?

Back 95

HBx

Front 96

what is an example of an oncogenic retrovirus associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

Back 96

HCV

Front 97

A human RNA retrovirus associated with leukemia carcinogenesis?

Back 97

HTLV-1

Front 98

HTLV-1 targets what T cells for neoplastic transformation

Back 98

CD4+

Front 99

Leukemia develops in what % of patients infected with HTLV-1

Back 99

3-5%

Front 100

infections of HTLV-1 cause the expansion of a type 1 nonmalignant polyclonal cell population thru stimulating _____ on cell proliferation

Back 100

TAX

Front 101

TAX protein causes cell proliferation of a polyclonal nonmalignant cell population that eventually may lead to replication of ______ irrespective of _____growth stimulating cytokine?

Back 101

monoclonal neoplastic Tcell
IL-2

Front 102

Rex
p30
HBZ
are all viral gene products serving what function?

Back 102

suppressing TAX expression

Front 103

5% of asymptomatic carriers infected with HTLV-1 develop this condition?

Back 103

ATL

Front 104

90% of those with Helicobacter pylori infections present with

Back 104

chronic gastritis

Front 105

20-30% of those with H. pylori infections develop ______ and lesser so _____

Back 105

GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphomas

gastric carcinomas

Front 106

the pathogenicity island of H. pylori infections contain what cytotoxin?

Back 106

CagA ( Cytotoxin associated gene A)

Front 107

what is a virulence factor of H. pylori infections that will cause apoptosis

Back 107

VacA

Front 108

gastric lymphomas arise from _____

Back 108

MALT (mucosal associated lymphoid tissue)

Front 109

The B cells that give rise to MALT lymphomas are found where?

Back 109

marginal zones of lymphoid follicles

Front 110

it is thought that H. pylori infections lead to lymphoid infiltrates that cause what type of genetic features?

Back 110

translocations t(11:18)