Neo: Cellular Adaption To Injury

Front 1

the point of growth in tissue that cannot be reversed =

Back 1

transformation

Front 2

What of the following is likely not a sure contributor to neoplasia?
a) prosoplasia
b) dysplasia
c) atrophy
d) hypertrophy
e) metaplasia

Back 2

d) hypertrophy

Front 3

shrinkage in size of a tissue (organ) due to a reduction in number of cells (prostate/stomach cancers)

Back 3

atrophy

Front 4

increase in the size of a tissue due to an increase in the number of cells (rxn to irritation or hormones)

Back 4

hyperplasia

Front 5

increase in the size of a tissue due to an increase in the size of cells (physical stres or exercise

Back 5

hypertrophy

Front 6

substitution of a more highly specialized tissue for a less specialized tissue (GERD)

Back 6

prosoplasia

Front 7

substitution of a less specialized tissue for a more highly specialized tissue (smoker's bronchi)

Back 7

metaplasia

Front 8

abnormal pattern of maturation (precancer)

Back 8

dysplasia

Front 9

the emergence of a new altered form of tissue that forms a mass or tumor

Back 9

neoplasia

Front 10

not only is the growth often detrimental and useless, neoplasms also lack____ in regard to growth control?

Back 10

responsiveness to normal growth control signals

Front 11

a pre-neoplastic condition by:
1) injuries to cell DNA
2) nutritional deficiencies for growth
3) aging of cells

Back 11

atrophy

Front 12

In the case of Prostate cancer progression the steps go:

normal --> ______ -> prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia ----> cancer

Back 12

proliferative inflammatory atrophy

Front 13

a pre-neoplastic condition by:
1) Intrinisic/extrinsic stim. cell replication
2) Enlarged pool of duplication DNA cells ---> DNA replication errors (mutations)

Back 13

hyperplasia

Front 14

what pertinent cancer is hyperplasia associated with?
1) Basal Cell Carcinoma
2) Prostate Cancer
3)Hyperkeratosis
4) Squamous Cell carcinoma

Back 14

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 15

acanthosis with hyperkeratosis clinically presents as

Back 15

leukoplakia

Front 16

what % of hyperplasia by Barret's esophagus from longstanding GERD becomes malignant?

Back 16

10%

Front 17

the course of adenocarcinoma will only occur preceding the change of stratified squamous epithelium --> _____ often followed by ______

Back 17

gastric-like mucosa
dysplasia

Front 18

a pre-neoplastic condition by:
1) example of longstanding GERD transforming to Barret's esophagus

Back 18

Prosoplasia

Front 19

Barrett's esophagus is recognized endoscopically by

Back 19

mucosal erythema

Front 20

In Barret's Esophagus, the mucosa is red in color rather than the normal ____ in color

Back 20

white - pink

Front 21

What type of dysplasia is most prone to becoming cancerous?

Back 21

High grade dysplasia

Front 22

a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another cell type

Back 22

Metaplasia

Front 23

A common example of metaplasia is that found amongst smokers, whereby what tissues become what?

Back 23

ciliated columnar cells ----->
stratified squamous cells

- of trachea and bronchi

Front 24

Vitamin A deficiency may lead to ?
Vitamin A excess may lead to?

Back 24

deficiency = squamous metaplasia in respiratory tract

excess = suppression of kertatinization

Front 25

what function is lost to metaplasia of the respiratory tract?

Back 25

mucus secretion

Front 26

Which of the following are not microscopic features of epithelial dysplasia?
1) Acanthosis
2) Keratin Pearls
3) Hypochromatism
4) Hyperkertatosis
5) Dyskarynosis

Back 26

Hypochromatism

- HYPERchromatism is correct

Front 27

An increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ration, and large prominent nucleoli, with basilar hyperplasia may suggest:

Back 27

epithelial dysplasia

Front 28

-a nuclear protein
-plays a role in maintaining cell proliferation in all non-G(o) phases of the cell cycle

Back 28

Ki-67 protein

Front 29

The Labeling Index (LI) of __ indicates the growth fraction for the percentage of cells staining for this label.

Back 29

Ki-67 protein

Front 30

For many neoplasms, the rate of cell proliferation as assessed by Ki-67 immunoreactivity correlates with ______ and ______

Back 30

tumor grade
clinical course

Front 31

what has the more sever prognosis of low grade lymphomas?
greater than 5% LI of Ki-67 or less?

Back 31

less than 5%:

LI is directly correlated with mitotic count, cellularity and histological grade

Front 32

this protein ecodes a cell cycle inhibitor that binds to cyclin D and CDK4

Back 32

p27 protein

Front 33

p27 causes cellular growth arrest at what stage in the cell cycle?

Back 33

G1 phase

Front 34

What substance signal activates p27?

Back 34

TGF-beta

Front 35

these proteins are essential for the initiation of DNA replication and have been found to be relevant markers for prognosis in a variety of tumors

Back 35

McM (Mini-chromosome Maintenance)

Front 36

what is an example of a prognostic marker to predict the cancer outcomes as a mini-chromosome maintenance protein

Back 36

McM 2

Front 37

One study suggested ___ may be useful in estimating prognosis of the patients who have mucoepidermoid carcinoma of intraoral minor salivary glands

Back 37

p27
(when compared to Ki67)

Front 38

what is the histological finding that suggest Ki-67 protein expression in the epithelium?

Back 38

Ki67

Front 39

a transcription factor that serves as a cell cycle checkpoint after a DNA damaging event

Back 39

p53

Front 40

when p53 becomes dangerously mutated what is the effective result?

Back 40

expressed and elevated greatly

Front 41

what protein keeps p53 inactivated by complexing to it until cued by environmental stressors?

Back 41

mdm2 (murine double minute) protein

Front 42

what are the two mean that p53 will act on the cell cycle after an insult?

Back 42

apoptosis of cell
cell cycle arrest for repair and restart

Front 43

what chromosome can p53 gene be found?

Back 43

17

Front 44

p53 gene is described as what sort of gene?

Back 44

tumor suppressor gene

Front 45

how might one be predisposed to cancer based on p53 gene inhertiance?
and what is this genetic condition called?

Back 45

-possess only one functional copy of p53 gene

- Li Fraumeni Syndrome

Front 46

normally p53 will bind DNA, which binds another gene producing _____ that complexes with _____ a cell division protein producing the hallmark stop signal for cell division to progress

Back 46

p21
cdk2

Front 47

mutated p53 gene leads to what in concern of its cell cycle

Back 47

lack of checkpoint stop signal = uncontrolled division and growth of tumor

Front 48

p53 gets its name due to ____

Back 48

its mass of 53 Kilodaltons