Neck

Front 1

What are the four spaces of the neck

Back 1

prevertebral space - posterior neck
visceral space - anterior neck
carotid space - two of them between prevertebral and visceral

Front 2

What structures are found in the prevertebral space?

Back 2

vertebrae and associated musculature

Front 3

what structures are found in the visceral space?

Back 3

upper foregut

derivitives of pharyngeal arch

Front 4

what can be found in the carotid space?

Back 4

enciricled by the carotid sheath - receives contributions from the three layers of the deep cervical fascia

internal, external, common carotids

internal jugular
vagus nerve

Front 5

what bone is used to divide the neck into a superiro and inferior portion and what are the technical names?

Back 5

hyoid bone

suprahyoid

infrahyoid

Front 6

name the cervical fascias

Back 6

superficial cervical fascia

deep cervical fascia

Front 7

Where is the superficial cervical fascia and what does it contain?

Back 7

right beneatht the skin

adipose, CT, platysma muscle

Front 8

describe where the platysma muscle is found, its innervation and function

Back 8

location: in superficial cervical fascia, extends from mandible to clavicle

innervation: fascial nerve (CN VIII)

function: facial expression muscle

more prominent in males

Front 9

What are the three layes of the deep cervical fascia

Back 9

superficial

middle

deep

Front 10

what is the location of the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia

Back 10

surrounds the neck

attaches to hyoid bone below the mandible and extends to sternum

Front 11

what muscles can be found in the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia

Back 11

sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
infrahyoid muscle

Front 12

what defines the visceral space?

Back 12

middle layer of the deep cervical fascia

Front 13

name the two parts of the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia

Back 13

pretracheal fascia - anterior region - covers the trachea

buccopharyngeal fascia- posterior region

Front 14

what defines the prevertebral space?

Back 14

deep layer of the deep cervical fascia

Front 15

how is the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia divided?

Back 15

alar fascia -anterior portion

prevertebral fascia - posterior portion

Front 16

how far down does the alar fascia extend?

Back 16

to T3

Front 17

how far does the prevertebral fascia of the deep cervical fascia extend?

Back 17

all the way to coccyx

Front 18

where is the retropharyngeal located?

Back 18

between the buccopharyngeal fascia if the middle layer of the deep cervical fascia dn the alar fascia of the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia

Front 19

how does the retropharyngeal space have clinical importance?

Back 19

if bacteria enters this space, it can cause deep neck infection - helps the bacteria spread

Front 20

Where is the danger space located?

Back 20

between the alar fascia of the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia and the prevertebral fascia of the deep layer of the deep cervical fascia

Front 21

What is the clinical importance of the danger's space?

Back 21

also can help in the spread of infection - not as common as the retropharyngeal infection spread

it extends down to T3 so can spread the infection to abdominal and thoracix organs

Front 22

when defining the traingles of the neck, what muscle do you use as a landmark?

Back 22

SCM - attaches to the mastoid process of the skull and has two attachments - sternum and clavicle

Front 23

Where is the anterior triangle and what are its boundaries?

Back 23

between the left and right SCM
boundaries
- medial: medial plane of the neck
- lateral: anterior border of the SCM
- superior: inferior border of the mandible
- superficial(roof): investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
- deep (floor) - larynx and pharynx

Front 24

How is the anterior triangle subdivided?

Back 24

submental

submandibular

muscular

carotid

Front 25

what is the location of the submental triangle?

Back 25

beneath the chin
borders:
right and left: anterior bellies of the right and left gastric
inferior: hyoid bone
superficial (roof): investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
deep(floor): mylohyoid muscle

Front 26

what can be found in the submental triangle?

Back 26

submental lymph nodes

Front 27

where is the submandibular triangle?

Back 27

found lateral to the submental triangle
boundaries:

superior: inferior border of the mandible

anteroinferior: anterior belly of digastric muscle

posteroinferior: posterior belly of the digastric muscle

superificial(roof): investing layer of the deep cervical fascia

deep(floor): mylohyoid and hypoglossus muscle

Front 28

what are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

Back 28

submandibular gland
facial artery
facial vein
stylohyoid muscle
part of hypoglossal nerve(CNXII)
lymph nodes

Front 29

describe the position of the submandibular artery and vein in relation to the submandibular gland.

Back 29

the vein passes superficial to the submandibular gland

the facial artery courses deep to the gland

Front 30

what is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

Back 30

mylohyoid nerve - a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Front 31

what is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

Back 31

its innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII)

Front 32

what is the function of the digastric muscle

Back 32

elevates the hyoid bone and depresses the mandible

Front 33

what is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?

Back 33

by the facial nerve (CN VII)

Front 34

what is the function of the stylohoid muscle

Back 34

elevates the hyoid bone

Front 35

where can the hypoglossal nerve be found?

Back 35

enters the submandibular triangle by passing deep to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

it also passes deep to the mylohyoid muscle within the submandibular triangle

Front 36

what is the function of the mylohyoid muscle?

Back 36

supports the floor of the oral cavity

Front 37

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

Back 37

inferomedial: superior belly of the omohyoid muscle

inferolateral: anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

superior: posterior belly of the digastric muscle

Front 38

what are the contents of the carotid triangle

Back 38

carotid arteries (common, internal, external)

branches of external carotid artery

part of the hypoglossal nerve

branches of the vagus nerve

Front 39

what is the location of the great auricular nerve

Back 39

courses across the lateral surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

Front 40

what is cranial nerve XI and describe its location

Back 40

accessory nerve

crosses the deep surface of the SCM near the base of the skull

passes through the jugular foramne

Front 41

describe the path of the superior root of the ansa cervicalis

Back 41

travels with the hypoglossal nerve

mainly composed of the anterior ramus of C1 spinal nerve

Front 42

where can the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis be found

Back 42

made up of the anterior rami of C2,3

passes around the lateral side of the carotid sheath and joins with the superior root

Front 43

what is the purpose of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Back 43

supplies sensory fibers to the mucosa of the larynx

Front 44

what is the location of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Back 44

passes through the thyroihyoid membrane (below the posterior border of the thyrohyoid muscle) - extends between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone

Front 45

what makes up the superior laryngeal nerve?

Back 45

internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve joined with the external branch

Front 46

what innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

Back 46

the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Front 47

what does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve innervate?

Back 47

cricothyroid muscle and part of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle

Front 48

what are the tributaries of the internal jugular vein?

Back 48

common facial vein, superior thyroid vein and middle thyroid vein

Front 49

name the branches of the external carotid artery

Back 49

superior thyroid

ascending pharyngeal

occipital

posterior auricular

lingual

facial

maxilary

superficial temporal

Front 50

descrive the path of the superior thyroid artery

Back 50

found along the anterior surface of the external carotid near the level of the superior horn of the thyroid cartilage

descends to the superior pole of the love of the thyroid gland

Front 51

what is the superior laryngeal artery a branch of?

Back 51

a branch of the superior thyroid artery

pierces the thyrohyoid membrane along with the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve

Front 52

describe the path of the lingual artery

Back 52

arises from the anterior surface of the external common carotid near the level of the greater horn of the hyoid bone

passes deep to the muscles of the tongue

Front 53

describe the path of the facial artery

Back 53

arises from the anterior surface of the external carotid artery immediately superior to the lingual artery

passes medial to the posterior belly of the digastric

passes deep to the superficial part of the submandibular gland

Front 54

describe the occipital artery

Back 54

arises from the posterior surface of the external common carotid

supplies part of the scalp

Front 55

describe the posterior auricular artery

Back 55

arises from the posterior surface of the external carotid artery and passes posterior to the ear to supply the scalp

Front 56

what are the boundaries of the posterior triangle

Back 56

anterior: posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

posterior: superior border of the trapezius

inferior: middle 1/3 of the clavicle

superficial (roof): investing layer of the deep cervical fascia

deep (floor): muscles of the neck covered by prevertebral fascia

Front 57

what are the two boundaries of the posterior traingle

Back 57

occipital

supraclavicular

Front 58

what is the bone found in the visceral portion of the neck?

Back 58

the hyoid bone

Front 59

describe the hyoid bone

Back 59

floating bone - no attachment to any other boney structures

held in place by ligaments and muscles

ex: stylohyoid ligament attaches to the styloid process

has a lesser and greater horn

Front 60

what vertebrae is the hyoid bone directly in front of?

Back 60

C3

Front 61

where is the thyroid cartilage found?

Back 61

aka adam's apple

at the levelo of C4,5

Front 62

what isthe location of the cricoid cartilage?

Back 62

below the thyroid cartilage

at the level of C6

Front 63

In the somatic portion of the neck what are the bone?

Back 63

7 cervical vertebrae

Front 64

the muscles of the neck can be divided into two groups, what are they?

Back 64

those attached to the hyoid and those that are not

Front 65

name the muscles of the neck that are not attached to the hyoid muscle

Back 65

prevertebral

trapezius

nuchal

suboccipital

sternocleidomastoid

scalenes

Front 66

what is the general purpose of the muscles that are attached to the hyoid bone?

Back 66

allows for speech and swallowing

Front 67

the muscles attached to the hyoid bone can be divided into two groups, what are they?

Back 67

suprahyoid

infrahyoid

Front 68

what is the overall function of the infrahyoid muscles?

Back 68

depress hyoid

Front 69

what are the infrahyoid muscles innervated by?

Back 69

ventral rami of the cervical spinal nerves C1-3, basically the ansa cervicalis

Front 70

describe the location of the infrahyoid muscles

Back 70

upper attachment is the hyoid bone

found in the anterior triangle particularly in the musculotriangle

Front 71

what are the infrahyoid muscles

Back 71

omohyoid

sternohyoid

sternothyroid

thyrohyoid

Front 72

describe the omohyoid muscle

Back 72

most lateral muscle

has two bellies
- anterior belly: anterior triangle
- posterior belly: within the posterior triangle

Front 73

describe the sternohyoid muscle

Back 73

found along the midline

longest muscle

runs from sternum to hyoid

hides two other muscles - sternothyoid and thyrohyoid

Front 74

what is the function of the suprahyoid muscles

Back 74

to elevate the hyoid

Front 75

name the suprahyoid muscles

Back 75

mylohyoid

geniohyoid

digastric

stylohyoid

Front 76

describe the location of the suprahyoid muscles

Back 76

inferior attachment is the hyoid bone

spans the submental and submandibular traingles

Front 77

what is the geniohyoid muscle innervated by?

Back 77

spinal nerve C1

Front 78

what does the trigeminal nerve innervate

Back 78

mylohyoid and anterior belly of the digastric

Front 79

what does the facial nerve innervate

Back 79

stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric

Front 80

what muscles develop from the 1st pharyngeal pouch?

Back 80

mylohyoid

anterior belly of digastric

Front 81

what muscles develop from the 2nd pharyngeal pouch

Back 81

stylohyoid

posterior belly of digastric

Front 82

which cranial nerve is the spinal accessory nerve?

Back 82

cranial nerve XI

Front 83

describe the path of the spinal accessory nerve

Back 83

pure MOTOR nerve

comes out of the spinal cord
branches out in between where the dorsal and ventral roots exit
ascends up and in between vetnral and dorsal roots
enters skull through foramen magnum
takes a u turn
exits skull through jugular foramen heads down to posterior triangle

Front 84

what makes up the cervical plexus?

Back 84

cranial nerves C1-4

contains both motor,sensory and sympathetic components

Front 85

what are the motor components of the cervical plexus?

Back 85

ansa cervicalis - C1-3

innervates infrahyoid muscles and genohyoid

C1-2 forms the superior root

C2-3 forms the inferior root

Front 86

what makes up the sensory components

Back 86

C2,3,4

Front 87

name the four major branches that are part of the sensory component of the cervical plexus

Back 87

lesser occipital nerve

greater auricular nerve

transverse cervical nerve

supraclavicular nerve

Front 88

what develops from pharyngeal arch I

Back 88

trigeminal nerve

mylohyoid and anterior belly of digastric

Front 89

what develops from pharyngeal arch II

Back 89

facial nerve

platysma muscle

Front 90

what develops from pharyngeal arch 4-6

Back 90

vagus nerve

Front 91

what is the location of the thyroid gland

Back 91

sits low between C5-7

Front 92

what does the parathyroid gland develop from?

Back 92

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches

Front 93

what are the two arteries to the thyroid gland?

Back 93

superior thyroid artery

inferiro thyroid artery

Front 94

what does the superior thyroid artery branch off of

Back 94

from external carotid artery

Front 95

what does the inferior thyroid artery branch off of

Back 95

from subclavian artery

Front 96

where do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain?

Back 96

into the internal jugual vein

Front 97

what do the right and left inferior thyroid veins drain into?

Back 97

drain into the right and left brachiocephalic veins, respectively

Front 98

describe the location of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Back 98

passes immediately posterior to the lobe of the thyroid gland in the groove between the trachea and esophagus

Front 99

what happens ofthe recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged?

Back 99

paralysis of larygneal muscles leading to hoarseness of the voice

Front 100

why are the parathyroid glands important?

Back 100

are important in the regulation of calcium metabolism

can be damaged or removed during thyroidectomy

in order to maintain proper serum calcium levels - at least one parathyroid gland must be retained

Front 101

what is the superior laryngeal nerve a branch of?

Back 101

vagus nerve

Front 102

describe the bifurcation of the superior laryngeal nerve

Back 102

into an internal and external branch

Front 103

where does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve go?

Back 103

into the larynx via the thyrohyoid membrane

Front 104

where does the external branch of the superior larnygeal nerve go?

Back 104

to the thyrocricoid muscle- allows us to produce a high pitched sound

Front 105

what happens if the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is damaged?

Back 105

the thyrocrcoid muscles allow us to produce high pitched sound

so we loose strength of voice and ranges

Front 106

what is the right subclavian artery a branch of?

Back 106

brachiocephalic trunk

Front 107

what is the left subclavian artery a branch of

Back 107

aortic arch

Front 108

what are the branches of the first part of the subclavian artery?

Back 108

vertebral artery

internal thoracic artery

thyrocervical trunk

Front 109

what are the three branches of the thyrocervical trunk

Back 109

transverse cervical artery

suprascapular artery

inferior thyroid artery

Front 110

what is the branch off the second part of the subclavian artery

Back 110

the costocervical trunk - divides into the deep cervical artery and the supreme intercostal artery

Front 111

what is the branch of the third part of the subclavian artery

Back 111

dorsal scapular artery - passes between the superior and middle trunks of the brachial plexus

Front 112

what muscles make up the posterior cervical triangle

Back 112

splenius capitis

levator scapulae

anterior middle and posterior scalene muscles