Ne 50B Final

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Abu Bakr

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the first caliph (first Rightly Guided Caliph), successor of Mohammed, closest companion of Mohammed. He held together the political structure created by Mohammed at Medina, defeated separatist revolts, and initiated the expansion of Islam into Syria and Iraq.

Front 2

Al- Fatihah

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opening sura of Qur'an

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Ahl al-Kitab

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People of the Book - non-Muslim peoples who, according to the Qur'an, received scriptures which were revealed to them by God before the time of Muhammad, most notably Christians and Jews.

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Ahl al-Bayt

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People of the house or family of Muhammad

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Angel Gabriel

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appears to Muhammad at Mount Hira, and said to him “Recite in the name of your Lord who has created man out of a germ cell. Recite for your Lord.” Reveals God's message to him.

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Ali

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1st of 12 Imams. Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, who marries Fatima, Muhammad's daughter. As Caliph, removes Umayyad officials from power and moves capital to Kufa. Assassinated in 661 in First Fitna.

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Caliphate

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system of caliphs - early leaders of the Islam community.

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Dhimmi

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Christians and Jews living under Islamic rule

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Fatwa

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religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Islamic scholar

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Fiqh

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dealing with the observance of rituals, morals, and social legislation

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Five Pillars

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foundational practices of Islam: Confession, Prayer, Alms giving, Fasting, Hajj

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Fatima

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one of the 4 daughters Muhammad had with his wife Khadijah. eventually marries Ali.

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Hadith

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oral traditions relating to the words and deeds of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. "sayings of the prophet".

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Hajj

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10-day pilgrimage to Mecca. One of the 5 pillars. Get back to basics and gratefulness towards God

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Halal

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Arabic term for any object or action acceptable to use or engage in, according to Islamic law and custom.

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Hanif

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true believer in Islam

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Hasan

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son of Ali, lived 625-669. One of the Twelve Shi'ia Imams

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Hijra

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Arabic term for "migration". 622 CE, when Muhammad fled from Mecca to Medina.

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Husayn

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son of Ali. in 2nd Fitna (680-692) led rebels against Umayyad, but at Battle of Karbala, Husayn and most of the army is killed.

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'Id al-Fitr

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breaking of Ramadan fast

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Imam

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prayer leader. for Shi'ia Muslims, leader of the community

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Iman

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faith

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Jahiliyyah

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age of Ignorance - prior to revelation of Muhammad. When paganism and polytheism was rampant

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Jizya

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poll tax that Dhimmis had to pay

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Khadija

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at age 25, Mohammad's first wife (40years old), who was owner of large caravan. has 4 daughters with her.

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Kufr

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rejection of faith.

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Masjid

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mosque

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Makkah/Mecca

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where Muhammad is born in 570 CE. Center of Islamic world, where the Hajj is performed.

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Medinah

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Because of 10 years of rejection in Mecca, Muhammad flees to Medina in 622 CE. This is where the 5 pillars of Islam was established. Jewish community largely rejected Muhammad’s message. Where Muhammad dies here in 632CE.

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Muezzin/Mu'adhdhin(Arabic)

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crier who calls people to prayer

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Mu'awiyah

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an Umayyad. Fights Battle of Siffin(657CE) against Ali and arbitration rules against Ali. Starts the Umayyad Dynasty as caliph and first to set up his son as a new caliph.

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Nass

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designation of successor

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occultation

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hiding of the 12th Imam: Muhammad ibn Hasan "al-Mahdi" (868CE-?)

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Qiblah

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direction of prayer. towards Mecca

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Qur'an

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lit. "the Recitation". holy book of Islam, Muhammad's teachings. revealed to Muhammad by Angel Gabriel from 610 to 632 CE. Themes: "shirk" (associating God with anything), humans, end times, reward and punishment, faith, etc.

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Quraysh

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the dominant tribe of Islam, to which Muhammad belonged. initially first to oppose Muhammad's teachings.

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Ramadan

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Islamic religious observance during the 9th month of the Islamic calendar, when the Qur’an was revealed to Muhammad. Islamic month of fasting.

Front 38

Riddah Wars

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(633CE) when Abu-Bakr vs. other tribes that don’t want to follow him. Several tribes attempt to break away from community,

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Shahadah

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Profession of faith. One of the pillars of Islam. If said in front of 2 Muslims genuinely, then conversion to Islam. “I proclaim there is no god but God, and Mohammed is the messenger of God.” Recited everyday.

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Shariah

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Islamic religious law. Means “way” or “path to the water source”. Deals with aspects of daily life: politics, social issues, justice, family, sexuality, etc.

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Shaykh

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chief of tribe. means “elder” in Arabic. Or a revered wise man, or an Islamic scholar.

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Shi'ites/Shi'is

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follow Ali. Only about 8-10% of Muslims.
Ahl al-Bayt (People of the House, of Muhammad)
Sectarian split from Caliphate.
- Believed Imam should be rightful leader of community. Righteous person.
Believed in hiding of the 12th Imam (al-Mahdi) and will return at the end times.
Believed Muhammad actually appointed Ali and have Hadith to prove it.

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Sunnah

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lit. “trodden path”, “the ways and manners of the prophet”: The Sunna is the manner or deeds of Muhammad and validated by the consensus of companions of Muhammad in Sunni Islam, and the way or deeds of Muhammad and the twelve Imams in Shi'a Islam.

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Sunnis

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majority of Muslims. Believed in the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Rashidun), but not the Twelvers. Believe Sunnis hold that Abu Bakr was Muhammad's rightful successor and that the method of choosing or electing leaders endorsed by the Qur'an is the consensus of the Ummah, (the Muslim community).

Front 45

Tanzeel

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“that which comes down” – Revelation of Qur’an

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Twelvers

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people who believe in Twelve Imams: that the 85% of Shi’ites believe in. Ali is the first and rightfully appointed by Muhammad and leader of the Muslim faith. The last Imam (al-Mahdi) is believed to be hidden and will be revealed in the end times.

Front 47

Surah

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chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 suras.

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Tafsir

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exegesis or commentary on the Qur’an

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tribal system

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different tribes tried to break away from Muslim community. Internal conflict was bad for community.

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Ummah

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the Muslim community

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Ummayad Empire

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capital Damascus. 2nd Caliphate after Muhammad’s death. Muawiya leader of the Ummayads took control from Ali, and sets up his son, Yazid, as the new caliph. Very unpopular among factions

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Uthman

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3rd Rightly Guided Caliph(644-656). son-in-law of Muhammad. empire expands.
unequal distribution of booty
conflict between early converts to Islam and emerging tribal elite.
Standardizes Qur’an into one version and destroys all others
Favors Umayyad clan

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Zakat

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alms giving. One of the pillars of Islam. Give back what belongs to God.

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Aisha

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third of Mohammed’s wives – “Mother of the Believers"