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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pangea
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Earth's previously separate land masses were welded together hundreds of millions of years ago
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Diseases from Europe to America and effects
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Smallpox
Measles Mumps Whooping Cough Influenza Chicken pox Typhus By 1650 up to 90% of Original Americans died |
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Additional disease from slave trade
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Malaria
Yellow Fever |
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European Grains introduced
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Wheat
Barley Rye Sugar Bananas Citrus Fruit |
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Main grain export now hugely influential
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Wheat
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Slave Trade related to specific crops
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Sugar
Rice Cotton |
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Domesticated Animals in the New World
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Alpacas
Llamas Dogs Turkeys Guinea Pigs |
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Crops to the East from the New World
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Corn
Potatoes Cassava Various beans Squashes |
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African Corn Consumption
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Angola
Zambia Zimbabwe Mozambique South Africa |
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Potato consumption per capita
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Ireland
Mountain populations in China |
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Potato from Andean region
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Produced explosion of European explosion
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Cassava in Africa
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200 million rely on this
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Cassava regions
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Between 30 degrees of the equator
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Peanut production
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Africa is leader
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Sweet potatoes in China
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third most important after Rice and Wheat
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Ranking of Energy per hectare
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Cassava
Rice - Corn |
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First crops to be planted and harvested
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Cereal Grains
Led to Wealth and Power |
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Cereal grain intake
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70% in developing countries
40% in developed countries |
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General calorie content
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Most serial grains - 350 kcal and 8-12 g of protein
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Supplements for cereal grains
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Proteins
Minerals Vitamins A and C |
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Grain Husk
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No nutritive Value
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Grain Embryo/Germ
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B vitamins
Vitamin E Antioxidants 30% fat |
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Grain Endosperm
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Carbohydrate/starch
protein |
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Corn domestication originated in:
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Latin America
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Characteristics of Corn
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High yield per unit
Matures rapidly Naturally resistant to bird damage |
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Corn protein quality
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Poor
Low amounts of Lysine and Tryptophan |
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Wheat cultivation
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most widespread of all grains
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High Wheat Consumption - Low
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Iodine
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Most all grains deficient in:
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Lysine
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Grain for drought conditions:
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Millet - Sorghum
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Millet and Sorghum benefits
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more and higher quality of protein
ground at home so less susceptible to milling losses |
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Oats grow where?
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Cold Highlands
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Barley consumption
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Stiff porridge
Highland areas of Asia, Africa, South America |
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Teff and Anemia
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Richer in Iron than other grains
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Quinoa growth
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high mountainous areas where:
soil is poor rainfall is limited nights are very cold |
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Quinoa amino acid
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Lysine
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Amaranth domestication and consumption
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Independent domestication in Mexico
Consumed popped |
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Five major root crops
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Potatoes
Sweet potatoes African Yams Cocoyam (Taro) Cassava |
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African Yam as a primary agricultural commodity
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West Africa & Nigeria
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African Yam storage
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up to 6 months
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Cassava flour
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Tapioca
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Sweet/Bitter Cassava
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dependent on cyanogenicacid removed during processing
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Advantages/Disadvantages of Cassava
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Grows well on poor soils
Long harvesting season stores poorly endemic goiter PEM Cassava poisoning |
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Tubers with HIGHEST nutrition composite
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Sweet potatoes
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Sweet Potato - vitamin deficiency?
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Vitamin A deficiency remedy
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Cocoyam also known as
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Taro
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Cocoyam uses
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both root and leaves
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Potatoes used by Romans
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Taro-like
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Potato climates
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cold
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Dehydrated potatoes
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chuno, tunta
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Tubers: Greatest caloric content
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Cassava
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Tubers: Greatest protein level
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Cocoyam
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Tubers: Protein quality
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Potato
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Tubers: Highest vitamin C content
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Cassava
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Tubers: Iron level
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Cassava
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Tubers: Vitamin A
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Sweet potato
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Tubers low in:
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Phytic acid
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Tubers high in:
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Vitamin C - aids in iron absorption
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Which of the five tubers is not primarily used in developing countries
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Potatoes
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Root crop dependent regions of the world
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Africa
Latin America South Pacific |
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Leguminosae/Pulses
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Beans, peas, lentils, groundnuts
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Groundnuts (peanuts) and soybeans rich in:
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Calcium and Iron
thiamine Riboflavin Niacin |
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Grain legumes
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beans
lentils lupins peas peanuts soybeans |
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Common bean domestication
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Mesoamerica
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Legumes contain more protein than:
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Meat
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Legumes richer in calcium and iron than:
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cereals
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Phytoyhaemagglutin
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extremely destructive toxin
killed at 100 C for 10 minutes |
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Common bean stores indefinitely if;
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cool, dry place
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Lima Beans originated
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South American Region, known as Haba beans
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Chickpea also known as and cultivated in:
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Garbanzo bean
Asia and Mediterranean regions |
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Cow peas
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produced in semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa
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Seed harvesting
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Left on plant to reach full maturity
Harvested and dried |
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Soybeans harvested in Asia for direct
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Human consumption
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Soybeans and Amino Acids
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Well balanced source
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Peanuts nutritive properties
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High fat
high niacin - pellagra prevention Good source of thiamin Little carbohydrate |
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Milk production
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highest in India
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Highest fat and protein milk
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Sheep
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First milk production
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Southeast Iran
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Holstein Cow
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Holland
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Developing world consumption
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low
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highest milk per capita consumption
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Somalia
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Somalia milk source
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Goats
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Highest butter fat content
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Jersey cow
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Water Buffalo Milk Production
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India
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Non fortified milk content
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Calcium
Riboflavin High quality protein Vitamins A, D, B12 |
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Vitamin A and D in fortified
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D - 500 from 40
A - 5000 from 1300 |
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Vitamin A by season in Milk
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high in spring and summer
Low in winter when cattle are fed dry stored foods |
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Lactose Intolerance Ethnic risk
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America Indians
Asians Central African Australian Aborigines American Blacks |
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Lactose Inolerance due to lack of
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Lactase
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Results of fermentation of lactose
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gases
cramping bloating etc... |
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Lactase production continuing into adulthood
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Northern Europe
Mediterranean Central Africa South Asia |
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Powdered Milk response
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Not used properly or at all
Caused discomfort |
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Meat nutrients
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Iron
Zinc Vitamin B6 and 12 |
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Meat protein
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complete protein
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Meat source of n-3 fatty acids
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Tilapia
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Meat iron and zinc
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Beef
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Meat w/ niacin
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Chicken - supplement with corn to avoid pellagra
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Animals to convert feed to gain
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best - beef
worst - fish |
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Most consumed meat
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beef
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Sector of world most to have cattle
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Nomads
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Mutton and goat
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similar between developed and developing populations
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Advantages to Pigs
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short gestation period
large litters ominvore |
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Most exensively produced animal
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Chicken
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Most farmed fish
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tilapia
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Guinea Pig consumption
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Andean cultures
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Water Buffalo consumption
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South and SE Asia
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Yak consumption
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blood as well
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Storage of Vegetables
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Rare
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Vegetable consumption in developing world
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Forage often used as part of diet
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Vegetable Nutrient
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carotene
vit C calcium iron minerals |
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Dark Green Leaves
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more carotene
protein calcium iron |
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Regional Vegetable consumption
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most - Latin America
Least - Oceania |
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Antioxidant in Tomatoes
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Lycopene
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Carotenoid source
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from word Carrots
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Swiss Chard good non fat source of
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Vitamin E
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Spinach content
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impressive array of minerals and vitamins
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Macular Degeneration prevention
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Carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin
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Roman beloved vege
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broccoli
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Broccoli nutrition
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high in fiber
nutrient dense folate riboflavin potassium iron vit C beta carotene lutein |
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Fruit content
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mainly C
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Fruit carbohydrates
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Sugar
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Vitamin A fruits
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papayas and mangoes
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Nutritional attribute of bananas
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high carb
potassium Vit B6 |
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1 cup OJ
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90% vit C daily
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Pineapple good source of:
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Thiamin - prevent beriberi
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Development with a face
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Policies that are sustainable and benefit the poor and undernourished
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Goals of dev w/ a face
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stable and safe food supplies
adequate protection from disease available health services environment that encourages caring practices |
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Major forms of malnutrition
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PEM
Vit A Anemias Iodine Zinc |
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Cash crop competition with food crops
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low food availability for human nutrition
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Focus groups for nutrition intervention
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highest risk
most likely to benefit |
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Animals for nutrition interventions
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Goats
Chickens Pigs Fish |
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Iodates
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used with lower quality salts
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iodine fortification also used in
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milk
bread flour sugar |
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Iron toxicity
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organ damage
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Vitamin A fortification vehicles
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margarines
fats and oils milk sugar cereals instant noodles spice mix |
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Vitamin D fortification
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margarine
dairy products vegetable oils |
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Vit E fortification
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fats and oils
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B-complex fortification vehicles
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cereals
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Folic acid and B12 with heart disease
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break down homocysteine in the body
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hectare of land
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10k square meters
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Guinea pig diet in Benson Inst. Program
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need vit C source
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Egg
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Single most perfect food
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Hen egg production
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300 annually
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Dairy goat milk production
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150 gallons
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Raw soybeans contain:
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trypsin inhibitor for protein digestion
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150 broiler chickens
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550 lb edible meat per year
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Successful nutritional interventions
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iron/folate supplementation
multiple micronutrient iodine in salt calcium energy and protein supplements |
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GMO domination
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USA
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Processes of GMO
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Cisgenesis
Transgenesis |
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GMO process
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attach to virus or agro bacterium
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Cisgenesis
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genes artificially transferred between organisms
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Transgenesis
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genes put into organism not normally able to do naturally
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Transgenesis gene introduction
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exogenous gene, called a transgene
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Emerging GMOs that can be beneficial
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golden rice
carrots w/ calcium tomatoes cassava |
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Intervention costs per person/annually
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iodine - 2 cents
vit A sugar - 17 cents iron sugar - 1 dollar |
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Cost per life saved
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iron in pregnant woman - 800 dollars
iodine fort - 1000 dollars vit a supp in U5 - 325 |
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Vitamin A failure in Asia
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failed to reach more than 36%
coverage was dropped |
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Under $25 interventions
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breast feeding
iodized salt vit A in sugar mass dose with vit A iodine injections in preggos daily oral iron for preggos |
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Supplementation vs fortification
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more expensive
vital for harder to reach populations |
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Famines
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severe shortages of food often affecting large geo area or sig number of people
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starvation
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path condition lack of food consumption threatens/causes death
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clinical starvation symptoms
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loss of luster in hair
pulse slows reduced BP |
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Hormonal disturbances by famine
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amenorrhea in women
impotence in males |
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famine edema
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bedridden and puffy
swelling of dependent parts of body like feet and legs |
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preschool children in famine conditions
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marasmus
kwashiorkor intractable diarrhea - prolapsed rectum |
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Severe malnourishment
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develops infection
dies of pneumonia, tb, etc... |
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starvation and appetite
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appetite might be huge
refeeding should be introduced progressively |
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Famine division
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natural
human action |
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widespread famines cause
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chronic malnourishment and chronic hunger
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suggested protein diets for famine relief
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1940 kcal
45 g protein 45 g fat |
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refugee
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well founded fear of:
race religious nationality - persecution |
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refugee camp diseases
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scurvy
pellagra beriberi |
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displaced farmers encouraged to produce:
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tomatoes
carrots legumes poultry rabbits guinea pigs |
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Nutritional status assessment
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anthropometric measurements to assess PEM
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Clinical signs of malnutrition
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edema
kwashiorkor eye signs of xerophthalmia skin lesions of pellagra |
