Nd Chapter 8:3 - 8:19

Front 1

vitamin A is found in foods

Back 1

retinoids or preformed vitamin A
-found in animal foods (such as fish and organ meats)
carotenoids
-plant sources

Front 2

Functions of Vitamin A

Back 2

Promote Night and Color Vision
Promote Epithelial Cell Health
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Cancer Prevention
Acne Treatment

Front 3

Vitamin A deficiencies

Back 3

-leads to night blindness
-continued deficiency leads to xerophthalmia
-macular degeneration

Front 4

night blindness

Back 4

retina is unable to adjust to low levels of light

Front 5

xerophthalmia

Back 5

-cells that line the cornea lose the ability to produce mucus
-“dry eye”
-increases the risk of abrasion from surface dirt/dust and bacterial infection

Front 6

macular degeneration

Back 6

associated with changes in the macular area of the eye
(provides detailed vision)

Front 7

reduce the risk of cataracts

Back 7

carotenoids in the diet may lower the risk of age related macular degeneration
and may reduce the risk of cataracts

Front 8

Epithelial Cell Health

Back 8

-decrease in vitamin A results in a decrease in mucus production which can increase
infection rates
-decrease in vitamin A reduces the activity of certain immune cells

Front 9

Vitamin A's Role in Growth, Development and Reproduction

Back 9

-binds to receptors on DNA to increase synthesis of proteins involved in growth
-vitamin A thus effects gene expression
-use of DNA information on a gene to produce a protein

Front 10

Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

Back 10

-possibly linked to the antioxidant capability of carotenoids
-consume a total of at least 5 servings of fruits/vegetables per day to reduce the risk
of cardiovascular disease

Front 11

Cancer Prevention

Back 11

vitamin A aids immune system activity

Front 12

lycopene

Back 12

a dietary carotenoid, may decrease skin cancer risk and may protect
against prostate cancer

Front 13

Retin-A

Back 13

-topical treatment for acne
-analog form of vitamin A

Front 14

Accutane

Back 14

-oral drug for the treatment of serious acne
-contraindicated during pregnancy
-induces toxic symptoms and can cause birth defects in offspring

Front 15

Vitamin A Sources

Back 15

preformed vitamin A
provitamin A carotenoids

Front 16

preformed vitamin A

Back 16

-liver and fish oils
-vitamin A fortified milk, breakfast cereals and margarines

Front 17

provitamin A carotenoids

Back 17

-dark green and yellow-orange vegetables and some fruits
-carrots, winter squash and sweet potatoes (yellow-orange)
-spinach and broccoli (dark green)
-peaches, cantaloupe and apricots

Front 18

Vitamin D and skin cells

Back 18

skin cells produce prohormone vitamin D when exposed to UVB rays from the sun

Front 19

Functions of Vitamin D

Back 19

-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D helps regulate calcium and bone metabolism
-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D works closely with other hormones to regulate blood calcium levels
-contributes to the normal development of the skin, colon, prostate, ovary and breast cells and
reduces the risk of cancer in these cells
-controls the growth of the parathyroid gland
-bone development
-aids in the function of the immune system
-contributes to skin cell development, muscle and gum health and blood pressure regulation

Front 20

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D helps regulate

Back 20

-calcium and bone metabolism
-the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestine

Front 21

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and regulation blood calcium levels

Back 21

calcitonin
parathyroid hormone

Front 22

calcitonin

Back 22

-produced by the thyroid gland
-promotes the removal of calcium from the blood into the bone
-lowers blood calcium levels

Front 23

parathyroid hormone

Back 23

-produced by the parathyroid gland
-promotes the removal of calcium from the bone into the blood
-increases blood calcium levels

Front 24

deficiencies in vitamin D

Back 24

rickets
osteomalacia

Front 25

rickets

Back 25

-infants and children
-bones weaken and bow due to softening of the bones

Front 26

osteomalacia

Back 26

-adults
-means “soft bones”

Front 27

Dietary Sources of Vitamin D

Back 27

-fatty fish (ex. sardines and salmon)
-fortified milk, yogurt and breakfast cereals

Front 28

individuals of higher altitudes

Back 28

recent study found individuals with low vitamin D levels had increased risk of cardiac events
(heart attack or stroke)

Front 29

Functions of Vitamin E

Back 29

-fat soluble antioxidant (prevents breakdown of vitamin A and unsaturated fatty acids)
-prevents damaging free radicals from removing electrons from electron-dense cell
components (cell membrane and DNA)
-free radical production is a normal result of cell metabolism and immune
system function

Front 30

deficiencies of vitamin E

Back 30

hemolysis
-rupture of red blood cells

Front 31

Vitamin E Sources

Back 31

-plant oils (mainly unsaturated fatty acids) are the richest source
-ready to eat breakfast cereals, salad dressings and mayonnaise
-nuts and seeds
-asparagus, tomatoes and green leafy vegetables
-eggs and margarine

Front 32

alpha-tocopherol

Back 32

most active form of vitamin E in the human body

Front 33

Upper Level of Vitamin E

Back 33

-antagonize vitamin K’s role in blood clotting

Front 34

Functions of Vitamin K

Back 34

-vital for blood clotting
-helps activate proteins present in bones, muscles and kidneys

Front 35

Vitamin K Sources

Back 35

-plant oils (soybean and canola), fish oils and meats (liver)
-green, leafy vegetables (spinach, lettuce and turnip greens)
-broccoli, green beans and peas
-certain fortified chocolates

Front 36

Vitamin K deficiencies

Back 36

can lead to hemorrhages (bleeding) and fractures

Front 37

Vitamin B

Back 37

-act as coenzymes with important functions in energy metabolism -50% to 90% are absorbed in small intestine; high bioavailability
-deficiency of one B vitamin may indicate deficiencies of other B vitamins

Front 38

bioavailability

Back 38

-bioavailability is the degree to which an ingested nutrient is absorbed and thus available to the body

Front 39

milling of grains

Back 39

-leads to vitamin and mineral loss
-bread and cereal products are enriched with thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid
-milled grains are also enriched with iron

Front 40

Functions of Thiamin

Back 40

coenzyme involved in the release of energy from carbohydrates (glucose metabolism)

Front 41

deficiency of thiamin

Back 41

-beriberi
-means “I can’t, I can’t” in Sri Lanka
-symptoms
-irritability, weakness and loss of appetite
-nervous tingling and poor arm and leg coordination
-enlarged heart and edema
-results when glucose (fuel for nervous system cells) is poorly metabolized to release energy
-problem when polished white rice is consumed rather than whole grain forms
-white rice is a poor source of thiamin unless it is enriched

Front 42

Sources of Thiamin

Back 42

-pork products
-fortified breakfast cereals, enriched grains, and whole grains
-green beans and peanuts
-milk and orange juice
-organ meats

Front 43

Functions of Riboflavin

Back 43

-coenzymes participate in energy yielding metabolic pathways
-antioxidant role

Front 44

deficiencies of Riboflavin

Back 44

-dermatitis (inflammation of the skin)
-cheilosis is the cracking of the tissues at the corners of the mouth

Front 45

Riboflavin Sources

Back 45

-milk and milk products
-enriched grains and fortified breakfast cereals
-various green vegetables

Front 46

Functions of Niacin

Back 46

-coenzymes function in energy metabolism
-coenzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and fat breakdown

Front 47

pellagra (deficiency of Niacin)

Back 47

-means rough or painful skin

Front 48

Niacin Sources

Back 48

-various meats (protein foods) including poultry and beef
-peanuts and asparagus
-fortified breakfast cereals and wheat bran
-in the body, the amino acid tryptophan can be metabolized into niacin

Front 49

Functions of Pantothenic Acid

Back 49

-coenzyme of energy metabolism (carbohydrates, fats and proteins)
-coenzyme of fatty acid synthesis and fat breakdown
-coenzyme is called Coenzyme A

Front 50

Pantothenic Acid Sources

Back 50

-sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peanuts and eggs
-meats and milk
-many vegetables (such as broccoli)

Front 51

Functions of Biotin

Back 51

-coenzyme in fat and carbohydrate metabolism
-promotes the synthesis of glucose and fatty acids

Front 52

Biotin Sources

Back 52

-peanuts, cauliflower, cheese and eggs are good sources
-intestinal bacteria supply some biotin
-long term antibiotic therapy may lead to deficiency due to reduction of intestinal bacteria
-avidin in raw egg whites binds to biotin and thus reduces intestinal absorption
-cooking denatures avidin so that it does not bind to biotin

Front 53

Functions of Vitamin B-6

Back 53

-coenzymes function in energy metabolism (carbohydrate, fat and protein)
-synthesis of neurotransmitters
-synthesis of hemoglobin

Front 54

Vitamin B-6 Sources

Back 54

-animal products
-fortified breakfast cereals and milk
-fruits and vegetables (potatoes, avocados, spinach, bananas and cantaloupes)
-vitamin B-6 is more absorbable from animal sources than plant sources

Front 55

megadose supplements of vitamin B-6

Back 55

can lead to nerve damage

Front 56

Functions of Folate (folic acid)

Back 56

-folate coenzymes help form DNA

Front 57

Folic acid (folate) Deficiency Issues

Back 57

-leads to megaloblastic (or macrocytic) anemia
characterized by abnormally large RBCs
-may lead to neural tube defects in the fetus

Front 58

spina bifida

Back 58

(incomplete coverage of the spinal cord by the vertebrae)

Front 59

anencephaly

Back 59

(absence of a brain)

Front 60

Folate Sources

Back 60

-green, leafy vegetables
-organ meats and dried beans
-orange juice
-fortified breakfast cereals and milk

Front 61

large RBCs are the primary early warning sign of

Back 61

vitamin B-12 deficiency

Front 62

intrinsic factor enhances

Back 62

absorption of vitamin B-12

Front 63

Functions of Vitamin B-12

Back 63

folate metabolism
maintenance of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers

Front 64

vitamin B-12 deficiency leads to

Back 64

folate deficiency
pernicious anemia

Front 65

pernicious anemia

Back 65

-lack of vitamin B-12 absorption
-nerve degeneration that can result in paralysis and death

Front 66

Vitamin B-12 Sources

Back 66

-meats (especially organ meats), seafood and poultry

Front 67

Functions of Vitamin C

Back 67

-production of the connective tissue protein collagen
-proper wound healing
-antioxidant
-enhances the absorption of iron
-vital for proper immune function
-required for the synthesis of some hormones, neurotransmitters, bile acids and DNA

Front 68

vitamin C deficiency

Back 68

-scurvy

Front 69

scurvy

Back 69

-vitamin C deficiency
-symptoms
-weakness, bone pain and fractures
-pinpoint hemorrhages
-bleeding gums and slow wound healing ability

Front 70

Vitamin C Sources

Back 70

-citrus fruits and a variety of vegetables
-vitamin C is rapidly lost in processing and cooking

Front 71

functions of choline

Back 71

-used in the construction of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
-participates in cell membrane structure
-lecithin (phospholipid) is a major membrane component

Front 72

Vitamin-Like Compounds

Back 72

1. Carnitine transports fatty acids into the mitochondria for metabolism
2. Inositol is a cell membrane component
3. Taurine is a component of bile acids
4. Lipoic Acid
-carbohydrate metabolism
-acts as an antioxidant

Front 73

supplement contains one or more of the following ingredients

Back 73

-a vitamin
-a mineral
-an herb or another botanical
-an amino acid
-a dietary substance to supplement the diet