Nd Chapter 7:6 - 8:2

Front 1

treatment of obesity requires

Back 1

long-term life-style changes

Front 2

Characteristics of a Sound Weight-Loss Plan

Back 2

control calorie intake
increase physical activity
control problem behaviors

Front 3

to lose 1 pound of fat stores per week

Back 3

calorie intake must be decreased ~ 500 kcals/day or
physical activity must be increased by ~ 500 kcals/day

Front 4

diets that promise 10 to 15 pounds of weight loss per week do not efficiently attack fat stores

Back 4

these types of diets reflect lean tissue and fluid (water) loss

Front 5

to lose one to two pounds of fat stores per week

Back 5

limiting kcal intake
-1200 kcal per day for women
-1500 kcal per day for men
calorie allowance could be higher for very active individuals

Front 6

Behavior Modifications

Back 6

chain breaking
stimulus control
cognitive restructuring
contingency management
self-monitoring
relapse prevention

Front 7

chain breaking

Back 7

-separates behaviors that tend to occur together
-snacking on chips while watching television

Front 8

stimulus control

Back 8

-push tempting foods to the back of the refrigerator
-altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating
-avoid the path by the vending machine
-shop from a list; avoid shopping when hungry

Front 9

cognitive restructuring

Back 9

-changes one’s frame of mind concerning eating
-after a hard day, avoid using alcohol or comfort foods as a quick relief for stress
-take a relaxing walk or have a conversation with a friend

Front 10

contingency management

Back 10

-form a plan of action to respond to situations where overeating is likely or physical activity is
hindered

Front 11

self-monitoring

Back 11

-tracking foods eaten and conditions affecting eating
-helps people understand their eating habits

Front 12

relapse prevention

Back 12

-maintenance of weight loss is fostered by the “3 Ms”
-motivation, movement and monitoring

Front 13

Professional Help for Weight Loss

Back 13

-primary care (family) physician
-registered dietitian
-exercise physiologist

Front 14

Medications for Weight Loss (3 main classes)

Back 14

amphetamine-like medications
sibutramine (Meridia)
orlistat (Xenical)
drug therapy alone has not been found to be successful

Front 15

amphetamine-like medications

Back 15

-Fastin or Ionamin
-prolongs the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the brain
-contraindicated for pregnant/nursing women or individuals under the age of 18

Front 16

-approved by the FDA for weight loss
-reduces the reuptake of neurotransmitter and norepinephrine in the brain
-these neurotransmitters remain active in the brain for a longer time period
-prolong a sense of reduced hunger
-used with caution in individuals with hypertension and cardiovascular disease

Back 16

-approved by the FDA for weight loss
-inhibits lipase enzyme activity in the small intestine
-reduces fat digestion and absorption
-increased fat in feces may lead to gas, bloating and an oily discharge

Front 17

Treating Severe Obesity

Back 17

very-low-calorie diets (VLCD)
bariatric surgery

Front 18

severe, morbid obesity

Back 18

(weighing at least 100 pounds over healthy body weight or twice one’s healthy
body weight
BMI > 40) requires professional treatment
physician monitored

Front 19

very-low-calorie diets (VLCD)

Back 19

-also known as protein-Sparing Modified Fast (PSMF)
-one commercial program is the Optifast program
-allows a person 400 to 800 kcals/day, often in liquid form
-120 to 480 kcals are carbohydrates
-280 to 400 kcals are high quality protein
-about 3 to 4 pounds can be lost per week
-physician monitoring is crucial
-major health risks include heart problems and gallstones

Front 20

2 types of bariatric surgery

Back 20

1. adjustable gastric banding (lap-band procedure)
2. gastroplasty (gastric bypass surgery

Front 21

gastroplasty (gastric bypass surgery)

Back 21

-stomach stapling
-the most common and effective approach is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure
-reduces the capacity of the capacity and bypasses a short segment of the
upper small intestine
-overeating solid foods results in discomfort or vomiting
-promotes a more rapid satiety

Front 22

adjustable gastric banding (lap-band procedure)

Back 22

-the opening from the esophagus to the stomach is reduced by a hollow gastric band
-creates a small pouch and a narrow passage into the rest of the stomach
-this decreases the amount of food that can be eaten comfortably
-the band can be inflated/deflated via an access port just under the skin

Front 23

Underweight

Back 23

BMI less than 18.5

Front 24

causes of underweight

Back 24

-genetics
-smoking
-eating disorders (anorexia nervosa)
-cancer
-infectious disease

Front 25

underweight health problems

Back 25

-loss of menstrual function
-low bone mass

Front 26

Underweight Interventions

Back 26

-gradually increase the consumption of calorie-dense foods (especially those high in vegetable fat)
-reduce physical activity if excessively active

Front 27

How to Recognize an Unreliable Diet

Back 27

-promote quick weight loss
-use testimonials from famous people and tie the diet to well-known locations
-no attempts are made to permanently change eating habits
-claim that there is no need to exercise

Front 28

Types of Popular Diets

Back 28

-Low- or Restricted-Carbohydrate Approaches
-Low-Fat Approaches
-Meal Replacements

Front 29

Vitamins Definition

Back 29

-essential organic substances needed in small amounts
-required for normal function, growth and maintenance of the body

Front 30

characteristics of vitamins

Back 30

Yield no energy (0 kcals/gram)
Fat-soluble
Water-soluble
Many function as co-enzymes
Both plant and animal foods supply vitamins in the human diet

Front 31

Fat-soluble vitamins

Back 31

A, D, E, and K

Front 32

Water-soluble vitamins

Back 32

B and C

Front 33

B vitamins and vitamin K function as

Back 33

co-enzymes

Front 34

Storage of Vitamins in the Body

Back 34

-fat-soluble vitamins are not readily excreted from the body (except vitamin K)
-water-soluble vitamins are excreted rapidly by the kidneys
-vitamin B-6 and B-12 are exceptions and are stored more readily

Front 35

Vitamin Toxicity

Back 35

-Fat-soluble vitamins (including vitamins A and D) that are not readily excreted may
accumulate in the body and cause toxic effects
-vitamin A poses the greatest risk of toxicity

Front 36

absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Back 36

-absorbed with dietary fat
-stored mostly in the liver and fatty tissues