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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacokinetics |
Study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. |
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Pharmacodynamics
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Study of how drugs are used by the body. |
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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Study of how the client responds to the drug. Pt may experience side effects like GI upset from drugs like antibiotics. May cause some discomfort but not severe enough to d/c medication.
EX: Demerol causes N/V, but Phenergan given with to prevent discomfort of effects. |
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Anti-Infectives
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Used for the TX of infections, common side effects are GI upset
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Anti-Hypertensives
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Lower BP and increase blood flow to the myocardium. Common side effects are specific to the type RX.
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Antidiarrheals
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Decrease gastric motility and reduce water content in the intestinal tract. Side effects include bloating and gas.
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Diuretics
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Decrease H20 and Na absorption in Loop of Henle (loop diuretics) or inhibit antidiuretic hormone (K+ sparing). Side effects include of non K+ sparing = hypokalemia.
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Antacids
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Reduce hydrocloric acid in the stomach. Side effect of Ca and Aluminum based = constipation. Mg based = diarrhea
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Antipyretics
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Reduce fever
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Antihistamines
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Block the release of histamine in allergic reactions. Side effects are dry mouth, drowsiness, sedation.
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Bronchodilators
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Dilate large air passages, commonly RX for pt with asthma or COLD. Side effect is Tachycardia
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Laxatives
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Promote the passage of stool. Types: stool softners, cathartics, fiber, lubricants, and stimulants.
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Anticoagulants
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Prevent clot formation by decreasing Vit.K levels, blocking the clotting chain, preventing platelet aggregation.
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Antianemics
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Increase factors for RBC production. EX: B12, Iron, Epogen (erythropoetin)
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Narcotics/Analgesics
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Relieve mod/severe pain. EX: Opioids (morphine, codeine); synthetic opioids (meperidine); NSAIDs (ketorolac)
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Anticonvulsants
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Used to TX/mgmt of seizure disorder and TX of bipolar. EX: Phenobarbital, phenytoin (dilantin); Lorazepam (Ativan).
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Anticholinergics
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Cause mm to become dry, oral secretions decreased. EX: Atropine used Preop.
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Mydriatics
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Dilate pupils. Tx pt with cataracts
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Miotics
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Constrict pupil. EX: pilocarpine HCl used in TX of pt with glaucoma
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SR
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Sustained Release
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CR
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Continuous Release
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SA
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Sustained Action
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Contin
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Continuous Action
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LA
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Long Acting
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DUR
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Duration
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Enteric Coated Tab/Cap
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coated with a thick shell that prevents the medication from being absorbed in the upper GI tract, allow meds to be absorbed more slowly.
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Spansules
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Capsules containing time released beads that released slowly. Contact DR if pt is unable to swallow time released preparation
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Right PT
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Identification of the pt must be done, ask pt to state name and check ID band.
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Right Route
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Dr orders the RX route of administration
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Right Drug
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Checking both the generic and trade names with the DR orders ensures that the right drug is administered. If pt drug doesnt match diagnosis, nurse should investigate.
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Right Amt
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Nurse is expected to know common dosages for both adults and children.
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Right Time
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Nurse can administer medication either 30 minutes before the assigned time or 30 minutes after.
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Right Documentation
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Must be done to prevent duplicating drug administration.
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Right to Refuse
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Pt has right to refuse medication or TX.
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Chemical Name
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Often a #/letter designation that tells you the chemical makeup, name is of little value to nurse.
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Generic Name
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Name given by the company that developed the drug, remains the same even after the patent is released and other companies allowed to market medicaiton.
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Trade Name
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Name given to the drug by the originating company, after 4 years on the market, trade name medication released by alternate company. Trade name will be different while the generic name will remain the same.
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI)
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Tx primary and secondary HTN. Inhibit conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. All generic names include PRIL. EX: Benzepril/Lotensin, Linsinopril/Zestril, Captopril/Capoten, Enalapril/Vasotec, Fosinopril/Monopril, Moexipril/Univas, Quinapril/Acupril, Ramipril/Altace
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Side Effects of ACEI
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Hypotension
Hacking Cough N/V Rashes Angioedema |
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Nsg Considerations of ACEI
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Monitor VS frequently
Monitor WBC count Monitor the K+ and Creatinine levels Monitor electrolyte levels |
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Beta Adrenergic Blockers
(Beta Blockers) |
Help lower BP, pulse rate, and Cardiac output. Used to TX migraine headache, other vascular headaches, gluacoma, prevent MI.
Block sympathetic vasomotor response. End in OLOL. EX: Acebutolol/Monitan, Atenolol/Tenormin, Carvedilol/Coreg, Esmolol/Brevibloc, Propanolol/Inderal, Toprol-XL/Metoprolol. |
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Side Effects of Beta Blockers
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Orthostatic Hypotension
Bradycardia N/V Diarrhea May mask hypoglycemic symptoms |
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Nsg Considerations for Beta Blockers
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Monitor BP, HR, Rhythm
Monitor s/s of Edema, assess lung sounds for rales and rhonchi. Monitor for changes in lab values: Protein, BUN, Creatinine= indicate nephrotic syndrome |
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PT teaching for Beta Blockers
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Rise slowly
Report Bradycardia, dizziness, confusion, depression, fever. Taper off medication |
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Anti-Infectives
(Aminoglycosides) |
Bactericidals/Bacteriostatics
Interfere with protein synthesis of bacteria. End in CIN/MYCIN. EX: Gentamicin/Garamycin, Kanamycin/Kantrex, Neomycin/Mycifradin, Streptomycin/Streptomycin, Tobramycin/Tobex, Amikacin/Amikin |
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Side Effects of Aminoglycosides
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Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity Seizures Blood Dyscrasias Hypotension Rash |
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Nsg Consideration of Aminoglycosides
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Obtain Hx of allergies
Monitor I&O Monitor VS during IV Infusion Maintain a patent IV site Monitor therapeutic levels Monitor S/S of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity. Teach pt to report changes in urinary elimination. Monitor Peak/Trough (PEAK-should be done 30-60 minutes after the 3 or 4 dose, 60 minutes after the 3 or 4 IM dose. TROUGH- drawn 5 minutes before next dose.) These drugs frequently used to tx super infections like MRSA. |
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Benzodiazepines
(Anticonvulsant/ Antianxiety) |
Used for Anxiety/ anticonvulsant effects. End in PAM/PATE/LAM. Sedative, hypnotic. EX: Clonazepam/Klonopin, Diazepam/Valium, Chlordiazepoxide/Librium, Lorazepam/Ativan, Flurazepam/Dalmane.
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Side Effects of Benzodiazepines
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Drowsiness
Lethargy Ataxia Depression Restlessness Slurred Speech Bradycardia Hypotension Diplopia Nystagmus N/V Constipation Incontinence Urinary Retention Resp. Depression Rash Urticaria |
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Nsg Considerations of Benzodiazepines
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Monitor respirations
monitor liver function Monitor kidney function Monitor bone marrow function Monitor for S/S of Chemical abuse |
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Phenothiazines (Antipsychotic/ Antiemetic)
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Used as antiemetics, neuroleptics, psychosis (schizophrenia). Phenergan/Promethazine; Compazine/Prochlorperzine used to tx N/V. Use Z track for IM. If Pt allergic to one, may be allergic to all. If so give benedryl and Cogentin. End in ZINE. EX: Chlopromazine/Thorazine, Prochlorperazine/Compazine, Trifluoperazine/Stelazine, Promethazine/Phenergan, Fluphenazine/Prolixin.
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Side Effects of Phenothiazine
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Extrapyramidal effects
Drowsiness Sedation Orthostatic Hypotension Dry mouth Agranulocytosis Photosensitivity Neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
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Nsg Considerations for Phenothiazines
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Protect the meds from sunlight,
Dont mix the liquid forms of Prolixin with any beverage containing caffeine, tannates, or pectin d/t physical incompatibility. |
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Glucocorticoids
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Used to TX conditions requiring suppression of the immune system, or to decrease an inflammatory response. (Addisons, COPD, post transplant pt, reduced cerebral edema d/t head trauma, neurosurgery, or brain tumors.) End in SONE, or contain CORT. EX: Prednisolone/Prednisol, Prednisone/Deltasone, Betamethasone/Selestoject, Dexamethasone/Decadron, Hydrocortisone/Cortef, Methylprednisolone/Solu-Cortef, Triamcinolone/Amcort.
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Side Effects of Glucocorticoid
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Acne
Poor wound healing Leukocytosis Ecchymosis Bruising Petechiae Depression Flushing Sweating Mood Changes, Insomnia HTN Osteoporosis Diarrhea Hemorrhage *Caution - These drugs cause Cushings Syndrome, moon faces, edema, elevated blood glucose levels, purple striae, WT gain, buffalo hump, hirsutism. |
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Nsg Interventions for Glucocorticoids
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Monitor glucose levels
Weigh the Pt daily Monitor BP Monitor for signs of infection |
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Antivirals
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Inhibit viral growth by inhibiting an enzyme within the virus. (herpatic lesions, AIDS, Varicella infections/Chickenpox, Shingles, encephalitis, cytomegalovirus/CMV, RSV) These drugs end in VIR. EX: Acyclovir/Zovirax, Ritonavir/Norvir, Saquinovir/Invirase,Fortovase
Indinavir/Crixivan, Abacavir/Ziagen, Cidofovir/Vistide, Ganciclovir/Cytovene, Vitrasert |
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Side Effects of Antivirals
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N/V
Diarrhea Oliguria Proteinuria Vaginitis Central Nervous System: Tremors Confusion Seizures Severe sudden anemia |
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Nsg Interventions for Antiviral
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Tell pt to report rash, indicate allergic reaction.
Watch for signs of infection Monitor Creatinine level Monitor liver profile Monitor bowel pattern before and during TX. |
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Cholesterol Lowering Agents
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Lower cholesterol and triglycerides to decrease the potential for Cardiovascular dx. Contain VASTATIN. Dont confuse with STATIN - used for antifungal effects. EX: Atorvastatin/Lipitor, Fluvastatin/Lescol, Lovastatin/Mevacor, Pravastatin/Pravachol, Simvastatin/Zocar, Rosuvastatin/Crestor
**These should not be taken with GRAPEFRUIT juice and should be taken PM. |
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Side Effects of Cholesterol Lowering Agents
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Rash
Alopecia Dyspepsia Liver dysfunction Muscle weakness (myalgia) Headache ** RHABDOMYOLYSIS** Muscle wasting syndrome, report cola colored urine and unexplained muscle soreness, weakness. |
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Nsg Interventions for Cholesterol Lowering Agents
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Diet low in cholesterol/fat
Monitor cholesterol levels Monitor liver profile Monitor renal function Monitor for muscle pain/weakness. |
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Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB)
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Block vasoconstrictor and aldosterone secreting angiotensin II. Used to Tx primary/secondary HTN, excellent choice for pt that complains of COUGH assoc. with ACEI. These meds contain SARTAN. EX: Valsartan/Diovan, Candesartan/Altacand, Losartan/Cozaar, Telmisartan/Micardis
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Side Effects of ARB's
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Dizziness
Insomnia Depression Diarrhea N/V Impotence Muscle Cramps Neutropenia Cough |
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Nsg Interventions for ARB's
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Monitor BP
Monitor BUN Monitor Creatinine Monitor Electrolytes Tell pt to check edema of ft/legs daily, Monitor hydration status |
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Histamine 2 Antagonist
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Tx GERD, acid reflux, and gastric ulcers. Inhibit H2 release in the gastric parietal cells = inhibiting gastric acids. End in TIDINE. EX: Cimetidine/Tagamet, Famotidine/Pepcid, Nizatidine/Axid, Rantidine/Zantac
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Side Effects of H2 Antagonist
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Confusion
Bradycardia/Tachycardia Diarrhea Psychosis Seizures Agranulocytosis Rash Alopecia Gynecomastia Galactorrhea |
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Nsg Intervention for H2 Antagonist
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Monitor BUN levels
Administer med with meals Pt taking with Antacids, make sure he takes antacids 1 hour before or after taking these drugs. Cimetidine can be RX in one LG dose at HS. Sucralfate decreases the effects of H2 receptor blockers. |
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Proton Pump Inhibitors
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Suppress gastric secretions by inhibiting the hydrogen/K+ ATPase enzyme system. Used to tx gastric ulcers, indigestion, and GERD. Contain PRAZOLE, should be given AC. EX: Esomeprazole/Nexium, Lansoprazole/Prevacid, Pantoprazole/Protonix, Rabeprazole/AciPhex
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Side Effects of PPI
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Headache
Insomnia Diarrhea Flatulence Rash Hyperglycemia |
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Nsg Interventions for PPI
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Dont crush pantoprazole/protonix, use filter with IV.
Advise pt to take PPI AC for best absorption. Monitor liver function |
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Anticoagulants
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Used to tx thrombolytic dx, pulmunary emboli, MI, DVT, after CABG. Contain PARIN, are heparin derivatives. Pt should have PTT check to evaluate bleeding time. Antidote = Protamine Sulfate. EX: HeparinSodium/Hepalean, EnoxaparinSodium/Lovenox, DalteparinSodium/Fragmin
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Side Effects of Anticoagulant
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Fever
Diarrhea Stomatitis Bleeding Hematuria Dermatitis Alopecia Pruritis |
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Nsg Interventions for Anticoagulants
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Blood studies: hematocrit/Occult blood in stool, checked q3months.
Monitor PTT (1.5-2.0 Xcontrol). Check for thrombocytopenia Monitor platelet count Monitor S/S of bleeding Monitor S/S of infection |
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CAINE
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Anesthetics
Ex: Lidocaine |
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MAB
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Monoclonal antibodies
Ex: Palivazumab |
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CEPH/CEF
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Cephalosporins
Ex: Cefatazime |
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CILLIN
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Penicillin
Ex: Ampicillin |
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CYCLINE
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Tetracycline
Ex: Tetracycline |
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STIGMINE
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Cholinergics
Ex: Phyostigmine |
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PHYLLINE
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Bronchodilators
Ex: Aminophylline |
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CAL
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Calciums
Ex: Calicmar |
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DONE
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Opioids
Ex: Methadone |
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Feverfew
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Used to tx migraines, arthritis, fever. Should not be taken with Coumadin, ASA, NSAID,Thrombolytics or antiplatelet meds, will cause prolonged bleeding time.
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Ginseng
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Used to tx anti inflammatory. Estrogen effects, enhances immune system, improves mental and physical abilities. Decreases effects of anticoag and NSAID. Dont take while taking Corticosteroids, high doses cause liver problems. PT with HTN/Bipolar cant take it interferes with meds used to tx.
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Ginkgo
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Improves memory, used to tx depression, improves peripheral circulation. Dont take with MAOI, anticoag, antiplatelets. Pt with seizures shouldn't take.
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Echinacea
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Used to tx colds, fevers, UTI, interfere with immunosuppressive agents, methotrexate, and ketoconizole.
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Kava Kava
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Used to tx insomnia and mild muscle aches and pains. Increases effects of CNS suppressants, decreases the effects of Levodopa. Increase effects of MAOI and cause liver damage.
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St. John's Wort
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Used to tx mild to mod depression, increases CNS effects if used with alcohol or antidepressant meds.
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Ma Huang
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Used to tx Asthma, Hay fever, Wt loss, and to increase energy levels. Increases the effects of MAOI's, sympathomimetics, theophylline, and cardiac glycosides.
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Schedule I
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Research use only.
Not medically safe to take High potential for drug abuse Ex: LSD |
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Schedule II
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Requires written RX for ea refill, no telephone renewal
Ex: Narcotics, Stimulants, barbituates. |
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Schedule III
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Requires a new RX q6months or 5 refills
Can be a telephone order Ex: Codeine, steroids, antidepressants. |
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Schedule IV
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Requires new RX q6months
Ex: Benzodiazepines |
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Schedule V
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Dispensed as any other RX or without RX if state law allows.
Ex: Antidiarrheals, anitussives. |
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Category A
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No risk to fetus
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Category B
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Insufficient data to use during pregnancy
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Category C
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Benefits of Medication should outweigh Risks
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Category D
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Risk to fetus exist, benefits of med could outweigh probable risks
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Category X
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Avoid use in Pregnancy or in those who may become pregnant. Potential risk to fetus outweigh the potential benefits
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