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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Public Law 93-380
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Buckley Amend- Confidentiality of school and college info. May not even release to parents unless under 18
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Research
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Collecting and analyzing info about a part subject
Deductive-prove or disprove a theory Inductive- dev a theory to show patterns in data |
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Quantitative vs Qualitative research
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Quantitative- systematic using scientific methods. Hypothesis etc
Qualitative- in depth |
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Internal validity
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The extent to which the result of the exp can be attributed to the variable
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External validity
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The accuracy to which the exp can be generalized to a larger pop
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Hawthorne effect
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Subjects knowing they are involved in a study and the atten they get
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Rosenthal or Pygmalion effect
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Subjects change their behavior bc of att, expec, or beh of the researcher
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Demand characteristics
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Info received by the subjects Inc rumors they heard about the study they're in
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Levels of measurement
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NOIR
Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio |
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Nominal scale
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Categorical Variables gender, race etc
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Ordinal measurement
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Variables in order or ranking
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Interval measurement
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Variables with similar or equal distances bwt ranks generations, crime rates
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Ratio measurement
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Equal interval, 0 reference. Little used in the social sciences since attitudes not measured at 0
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Sampling
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Selecting a part of a population to make a generalization
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Types of sampling
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Random-chosen by chance
Stratified- divides into subgroups acc to criteria. Good to generalize Proportional- the selection of the # of subjects from each subgroup corresp to pop Cluster-divides into subgroups then selects randomly from them Purposeful- selection for in-depth study |
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Meta-analysis
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Answering a research quest through the comparison of results from multiple studies
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Sample size
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# of samples in a study
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Table of random numbers
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List of random # (usually comp generated) that can be assigned to potential study samples and used to randomly select who will part
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Likert scale
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Rating scale on which part agree or disagree w statements that measure attitudes or opinions
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Scatterplot
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Graphic using horizontal and vertical lines to illustrate the relationship btw 2 variables
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Type 1 error
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Alpha error- null hypothesis is rejected as false when actually true
Most damaging |
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Type 2 error
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Beta error- null hypothesis is accepted when it's actually false
No relationship when there is one *often result of sample sz too small |
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Hypothesis
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Prediction or statement that will be shown by a study
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Null hypothesis
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Assumes No relationship btw variables
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Directional hypothesis
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Predicts how the ind variable will affect the dep variable
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Non-directed hypothesis
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Predicts an effect but does not state how the dep variable will be affected
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Significance level
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Probability of making a type 1 error in a hypothesis test
Low- .05 or 5% usually being used |
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T-Test
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Compares the mean of 2 ind data sets to determine if there's a sign statistical diff btw them
-est table of t values - existence of relation btw data sets before standard deviation value determined - good for small grps |
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Chi- square
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Used to determine if there are significant diff in the distribution of 2 data sets
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Bivariate analysis or crossbreak
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Graphically illustrating the relationship or non-relationship of 2 variables by use of an X/Y graph
Ind var- vert axis Dep- horiz axis |
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ANCOVA
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Analysis of Covariance- dep variables are controlled ex non random sampling, stat adjust var that affect the dep variable
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One-way analysis of variance
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Test for diff when the study Inv 3 or more ind groups or levels
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ANOVA
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Study of 2 or more variables
2x2 most com |
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MANCOVA
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Several dep variables and at least 2 ind variables
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Post hoc tests
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Multiple comparison tests done after data sets in a study hv similar F values
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Nonparametric tests
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Validation tests when values are not distributed normally
2 samples are ind of each other Ordinal or nominal Median; spearman, Mann-Whitney |
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Parametric tests
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Normal distribution
Ratio or interval; mean; Pearson, t-test, anova Draw more conclusions |
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Solomon four group design
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Does the pre-test affect the subjects of a test by influencing
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Multiple regression
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Procedure where the researcher uses a correlation coefficient to learn about the rel btw multiple ind variables and a dep variable
"best predictor" |
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Factor analysis
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Rel among a group of variables for the simplest explanation usu the smallest # of factors
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Biserial correlation coefficient
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Relationship btw 1 variable w multiple values another that is dichotomous
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Cross-sectional
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Study of char of group over long period of time. Longitudinal study
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Degrees of freedom
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How many observ the researcher may make after the min is needed for the study
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Double blind study
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Neither researcher or subjects know at least 1 variable ex drug study
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Homoscedasticity
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Statistical variances are assumed equal
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Heteroscedasticity
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Unequal variance of data on either side of the regression line
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Semantic differential
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Method for measuring subjects reactions to words or concepts
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Accountability
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Effectiveness of treatment compared w just of the $
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Formative evaluation
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Effectiveness of treatment
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Summative evaluation
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How well the treatment meets it's goals
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Types of bell curves
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Leptocurtic- narrow, tall, symmetrical
Mesocurtic- normal Platykurtic- flat w a lot of frequency |
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Positive skew
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Tail to the right
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Negative skew
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Tail to the left
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Range
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Diff btw highest and lowest score
Sub highest from lowest |
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Variance
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The difference
Average variation of scores frm the mean. Calculate: 1. Calculate the mean 2. Subtract mean from each ind score 3. Square each of ans 4. Add all squared ans 5. Divide total frm the # of scores |
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Standard deviation
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Dividing a curve into equal score intervals
Square root of the variance |
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Stanine
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Method of scaling test scores on 9 pt standard scale
Mean of 5 SD of 2 |
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Z-score
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raw score minus mean divided by SD
Most basic Mean 0 SD 1 |
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T-score
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Most used
Mean 50 SD 10 |
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Correlation Coefficient
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Degree of a relationship btw variables.
Neg- one Inc the other dec Pos- both inc Most common: Pearson r; Spearman rho |
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Inferential Statistics
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Level of significance P confidence level: .05 or less then 5 or less times out of 100 results are not due to chance
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Inferential statistics tests
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Chi
T-test Anova |
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Correlation
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Relationship btw 2 or more variables
Linear or non- linear Pos or neg: -1.0-+1.0 0 no correlation Letter r Does not mean causation |
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Pearson r vs spearman rho
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Pearson r- interval or ratio
Spearman rho- ordinal (think row) |
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Regression line
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Best fitting line to minimize deviations
Used to predict y score |
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Coefficient of determination
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How much Y scores are due to regression line
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Coefficient of non-determination
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How much predicted y score is due to something else other than the regression line
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SEM
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Standard error of the measurement
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