Nce Sample Test - Form A - Important Questions And Concepts

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First state to offer licensure to counselors

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Virginia

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cultural encapsulation

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Viewing clients from one's own cultural background, which is believed to be superior to other cultures, and ignoring the client's personal cultural context

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National Vocational Guidance Association

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Founded in 1913 as first career guidance organization

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Five dimensions of the indivisible self model of wellness

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I. Physical - exercise, nutrition
II. Essential - spirituality, gender identity, cultural identity, self-care
III. Social - friendship, love
IV. Coping - leisure, stress management, self-worth, realistic beliefs
V. Creative - thinking, emotions, control, work, positive, humor

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James Bryant Conant thought he could create equal opportunities in access to college education through the development of the...

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Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT)

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Civil rights law that mandates equal access for individuals with disabilities to opportunities and serices

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Section 504 of the US Rehabilitation Act

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Controls higher order behavior and conscious thought

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Forebrain

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Minnesota point of view

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Considered directive. A career guidance theory derived by Edmund Williamson from the work of Parsons. Proposed that counselors should share their wisdom with clients to help them reach a career decision.

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These tests prevent perfect scores by including difficult test items.

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Power tests

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Differences in qualifying for services under IDEA and under Section 504

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To qualify under IDEA, student must have a documented disability of a covered type (more specific than 504), and be 21 or younger. The student must NEED services.
To qualify under Section 504, the student must have a disability that limits at least one MAJOR LIFE ACTIVITY - walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing, working, performing manual tasks, learning, or caring for oneself. MORE INCLUSIVE DEFINITION.

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Types of career interests

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Expressed interests
Manifest interests
Tested interests

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Five Factor Model

OCEAN

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Evidence-based model of personality.
OCEAN - acronym for five factors
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

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Stages of counseling

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Relationship-building
Action/Intervention
Termination

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Four categories of group work

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Task groups
Psychoeducational groups
Counseling groups
Psychotherapy groups

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Tests that involve comparing two independent groups (with participants assigned randomly) on one dependent variable.

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independent t-tests

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Tests that involve similar groups paired or matched in some meaningful way, or the same group tested twice. Also called repeated measure t-tests.

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Dependent t-tests

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Consultation model that consists of a consultant, a consultee, and a client. The most familiar model.
Consultee seeks advice from consultant (expert) about a third party (the client).

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Triadic-dependent model

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Consultation model in which the consultee still relies on the consultant for help while both parties contribute their backgrounds and skills to help solve the problem.

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Collaborative-dependent model

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Consultation model in which everyone who participates holds equal authority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge, making it necessary for each member to contribute to the problem-solving process.

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Collaborative-interdependent model

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A philosophical position that argues people's actions are predetermined by an external, uncontrollable force, such as genetics or biology.

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Determinism

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A deterministic perspective is endorsed by _______________ theories.

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Psychoanalytic

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The significance or importance an individual places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles.

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Career salience

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Career salience is often defined by an individual's...

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participation, commitment, and value expectations

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Ethical principles of counseling...

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Autonomy
Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
Justice
Fidelity

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Avoiding problematic issues by using spirituality instead of facing problems.

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Spiritual bypass

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Adler believed a person's lifestyle is established by the age of...

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5 years

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Level of oppression - obvious acts by both force and deprivation

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Primary oppression

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Level of oppression - Oppressive acts in which individuals do not get directly involved but from which they may benefit.

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Secondary oppression

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Level of oppression - When minority group members adopt the majority opinion so they fit in.

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Tertiary oppression...also known as internalized oppression

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Personality test that uses Jung's personality typology

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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

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Jung's personality typology includes...

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Two attitudes - introversion and extraversion
and
Four functions comprised of two pairs -
sensation/intuition and thinking/feeling

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The primary archetype.
Contains the conscious and unconscious aspects of a person.

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Self - archetype

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The mask that all humans wear.
Allows people to change their behavior depending on the social situation.

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Persona - archetype

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The repressed or unknown aspects of each person.
Part of the self that a person does not want to acknowledge or accept.

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the Shadow - archetype

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The female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of men.

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Anima

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Male traits that exist in the collective unconscious of women.

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Animus

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Loss of memory that occurs when new information learned interferes with info learned previously.

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Retroactive inhibitiion

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Loss of memory that occurs when old information interferes with newly learned info.

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Proactive inhibition

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Group leadership styles

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Authoritarian
Democratic
Laissez-faire

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nominal scale

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simplest measurement scale;
only concerned with classifying data without respect for order or equal interval units.
Ex - assigning label of MALE or FEMALE

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ordinal scale

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classifies and assigns rank-order to data.
Designates order, but intervals between numbers are not necessarily equal.
Ex. - Likert-type scales

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interval scale

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like ordinal scale but has equivalent intervals.
No absolute zero point.

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ratio scale

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most advanced scale of measurement;
has an absolute zero point, therefore differences between values can be quantified in absolute terms.
Ex. - height, weight

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States that an objective truth exists and can only be understood if directly observable.
Closely tied to quantitative research.

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Positivism

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States that a truth can only be approximated because of inherent errors present when measuring reality.
The concept of measurement error in terms of validity and reliability is emphasized.

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Post-positivism

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Behavioral technique that reduces undesirable behaviors by removing a positive reinforcement.

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Response cost

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An aversive behavioral technique that requires the client to return the environment to its original condition prior to the undesirable behavior and then to make the environment better.

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Overcorrection

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The termination of a behavior by withholding reinforcement.

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Extinction

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A cognitive technique used to teach clients how to interrupt a pattern of negative self-statements or thinking;
usually involves the substitution of one thought for another

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thought stopping

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Conflict or discomfort experienced when a discrepancy is noticed between what an individual already knows and new information being received.

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cognitive dissonance

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A descriptive approach that proposes two stages of career decision making:
anticipating a choice, and adjusting to the choice

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Tiedeman and O'Hara's Theory of Career Decision Making

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Career decision making theory that rests on the assumption that stress significantly contributes to the quality of the decision that is made.
States that high levels of stress can lead to a "defective" career decision.

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Janis and Mann's Conflict Model of Decision Making

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When using an assessment tool for a client whose cultural background is not represented in the norms for that test, a counselor should...

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be careful when reporting the results to the client and be sure to frame the results in the proper perspective.

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Gestalt can be defined as...

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a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.

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Prejudice - Five Stages (Allport)

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Antilocution - sharing of harmful views with those who have the same belief system; pure discussion, no actions.
Avoidance - trying not to be around disliked persons.
Discrimination - denying individuals access to resources for better quality of life.
Physical attack - overt violent acts or violent undertones with targeted group
Extermination - effort to demolish group

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Learning theory of language development

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Approaches include social learning theory, in which children acquire language skills by observing and imitating others who are using language.

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Nativist approach of language development

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Poses that that the human brain is genetically programmed to enable people to create and understand language. Chomsky hypothesized that a language acquisition device existed in humans

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Interactionist approach of language development

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Proposes that a combination of the learning and nativist approaches is responsible for language development.

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An approach to career development that sought to predict occupational choices from biological, sociological, and psychological differences.

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Roe and Lunneborg's Occupational Classification System

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A lifespan theory that outlines the career development processes of children and adolescents.

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Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription, Compromise, and Self-Creation

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Circumscription

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process by which individuals eliminate career alternatives they believe are not compatible with their self-concept.

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Compromise .

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process by which adolescents give up highly preferred career alternatives for those that are less compatible but more accessible

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Glasser's Five Basic Human Needs

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Survival, belonging, power, freedom, and fun

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Johari Window

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Model used to describe levels of client awareness.
Represented by four quadrants:
public self
blind self
private self
unknown self

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Research design used to measure how either receiving treatment or not receiving treatment affects a single subject or group of subjects who can be treated as a single unit.

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Single-subject research design
Most interested in baseline data...

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Situational crises

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Caused by a precipitating event that is shocking and traumatic

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developmental crises

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caused by normal life experiences - i.e. birth of a child, career change

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environmental crises

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caused by natural or human-caused events affecting multiple people in the affected environment -
I.e. hurricanes, war

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existential crises

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caused by realizations of personal purpose and meaning - i.e. questioning the meaning of career, life, existence

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Roe's theories of parental attitudes

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Concentration on the child - Overprotection, Overdemanding
Avoidance of the child - Rejection, Neglect
Acceptance - Casual acceptance, Loving acceptance

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Three core conditions of counseling

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Empathy, Congruence, Unconditional Positive Regard

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When a group member uses sarcasm, it is usually an attempt to hide..

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anger

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Legal case that established counselors' duty to warn...

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Tarasoff vs. Regents of the University of CA

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Marcia (1966, 1980)

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expanded on Erikson's psychosocial crisis and identified four types of identity:
diffusion
moratorium
achievement
foreclosure

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identity diffusion

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teens procrastinate or become so confused that they are unable or unwilling to take in or analyze identity-related info that could lead to goal-setting

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identity moratorium

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continuing to take in and analyze info without agreeing on goals or a course of action.

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identity achievement

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committing to goals and setting a course of action to achieve them

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identity foreclosure

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allowing others (parents, friends) to determine the goals, which the teen then pursues without question

Front 79

These inventories identify personal factors that may impede an individual's career development process.

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career development inventories

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These inventories assist individuals in identifying what they value in a career or job.

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Values inventories

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These inventories identify a person's unique characteristics and styles of relating to others, tasks, and situations.

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personality inventories

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These inventories identify and individual's work-related interests.
Often reveal what an individual finds enjoyable and motivating but do not necessarily correlate with ability or job success.

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interest inventories

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a thin description, or self-narrative

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one that is imposed on a person by others (e.g. society) that the individual then internalizes.
Ex. - a teenage girl thinks she is fat b/c of society's preference for thin women.

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a thick description, or self-narrative

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more complex and detailed; involves clients' interpretations of themselves, and the labels that are put on them by others.

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What is problem externalization, as it relates to narrative therapy?

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The way in which narrative therapists strive to help clients distance themselves from their problems, reconstruct their stories, and rid themselves of undesirable narratives.

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Published by Bureau of Labor Statistics (USDL) and revised every 2 yrs.
Provides occupational info on 270 broad occupations grouped into 11 different career clusters.

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Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)

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Electronic source for occupational info published by the USDL and updated semiannually.
Replaced its predecessor, the Dictionary of Occupational Titles.

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Occupational Information Network (O*NET)

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This system uses a six-digit code to classify occupations into four levels: major group, minor group, broad occupation, and detailed occupation.

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Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) System

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Currently published by JIST Works, this resource offers info regarding compensation, projected growth rate, education and/or training needed, values, skills, and working conditions on over 900 occupations, classified into 14 interest categories and 83 work groups.

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Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)

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This model of racial identity development is considered to be the model for all other development models.

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Cross' Nigrescence Model

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Five stages of Cross' Nigrescence Model

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Pre-encounter
Encounter
Immersion-Emersion
Internalization
Internalization-Commitment

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Pre-experiencing of a racial event; race or anti-Black attitudes are not viewed as important by the Black individual.

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Pre-encounter stage of RID

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A specific experience, or encounter, that prompts the Black individual to begin to notice and question his or her racial identity.

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Encounter stage of RID

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A response to conflict and anxiety from the Encounter status, which prompts the individual to retreat and embrace symbols and artifacts of Black identity, and then develop a more sophisticated Black identity.

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Immersion-Emersion stage of RID

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The Black individual is more accepting of his racial identity and integrates it with other cultural identities.

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Internalization stage of RID

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Represented by the individual being an advocate for Black issues.

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Internalization-Commitment stage of RID

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Describes basic personality traits of non-pathological, well-adjusted individuals. May be used to increase client insight and predict success in many vocational areas.

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CA Psychological Inventory, Form 434

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Measures the 16 basic personality traits of normal people as defined by Raymond Cattell.

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Sixteen Personality Factors Questionnaire (16PF)

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Obtains a detailed assessment of normal personality based on the Big Five personality factors: neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

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NEO Personality Inventory - Revised (NEO PI-R)

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Assessment designed to measure self-esteem in children ages 8-15 years. 58 statements which are answered "like me" or "unlike me."

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Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories (SEI)

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Developed in Italy, this model of family counseling focuses on exploring family members' perceptions of each other and their interactional patterns, as well as asking questions to increase their awareness of unhealthy family behaviors.
Only meets with families once per month.

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Milan Systemic Family Counseling

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Milan Systemic family counselors feel it is imperative to remain...

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neutral

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The client is not suicidal at the time of the assessment.

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low lethality

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The client is somewhat suicidal but does not have any risk factors associated with suicide.

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low-moderate lethality

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The client is suicidal and has several risk factors.

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moderate lethality

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The client is determined to die and may commit suicide within the next 72 hours unless an intervention occurs.

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moderate-high lethality

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The client is currently in the process of committing suicide (e.g. already swallowed pills) and needs immediate hospitalization.

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high lethality