Nce Prep Section 3

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Individual Psychology (Adler)

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Main motives of human thought and behavior are individual man's striving for superiority and power, to partially compensate for the feelings of inferiority. The life-style is the product of his own creativity.

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Analytic Psychology (Jung)

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Emphasizes the primary importance of the individual psyche and the personal quest for wholeness.

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Transactional Analysis

3 Ego States

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Parent, Adult, Child.

Psychology idea that humans are social creatures and that a person is a multi-faceted being that changes when in contact with another person in their world.

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Successful Resolution of Oedipus Complex

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A child's identification with the same sex parent is the successful resolution. A key psychological experience that is necessary for the development of a mature sexual role and identity.

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Eros & Thanatos

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Freud theorized that the duality of human nature emerged from two basic instincts.

Eros- instinct for life, love, and sexuality. Drive toward attraction and reproduction

Thanatos- instinct of death, aggression. Drive towards repulsion and death.

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Reality Principle

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The ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly.

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Notion of Transference

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The unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another.

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Pleasure Principle

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Instinctual seeking of pleasure and avoiding of pain in order to satisfy biological and psychological needs. The driving force guiding the id.

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Directive Counseling

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Counseling during which a professional plays an active role in a client's or patient's decision making by offering advice, guidance, and/or recommendations.

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Superego Strives for...

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The component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society. It works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically. Seeks the ideal answer to a situation regardless of how practical it may be.

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Analytic Movement Theorists

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A philosophical tradition characterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument.

Betrand Russell

Ludwig Wittgenstein

G.E. Moore

Gottlob Frege

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Manifest & Latent Content

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Manifest content- the actual images, thoughts, and content contained within the dream.

Latent content- the content of the dreams is suppressed and hidden by the subconscious mind in order to protect the individual from thoughts and feelings that are hard to cope with.

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Catharsis

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The process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from,strong or repressed emotions.

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Abreaction

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The expression and consequent release of a previously repressed emotion, achieved through reliving the experience that caused it (usually through hypnosis or suggestion.

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Structural Theory

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Topographical Theory

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Subjective Units of Distress Scale

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A scale of 0-10 for measuring the subjective intensity of disturbances or distress currently experienced by an individual. May be used as a benchmark for a professional or observer to evaluate the progress of treatment.

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Rationalization

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a defense mechanism in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid true explanation and are made consciously tolerable.

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Compensation

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The process of concealing or offsetting a psychological difficulty by developing in another direction.

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Repression

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The action or process of suppressing a thought or desire in oneself so that it remains unconscious.

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Projection

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The unconscious transfer of one's own desires or emotions to another person.

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Regression

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A return to an earlier stage of life or a supposed previous life especially through hypnosis or mental illness, or as a means of escaping present realities.

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Reaction Formation

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A defensive process in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency.

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Identification

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The subject assimilates an aspect, property, or attribute of the other and is transformed wholly or partially by the model the other provides.

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Introjection

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The process where the subject replicates in itself behaviors, attributes, or other fragments of the surrounding world, especially of other objects.

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Denial

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The failure to acknowledge an unacceptable truth or emotion to admit it into consciousness.

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Displacement

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An unconscious defense mechanism whereby the mind substitutes either a new aim or a new object for goals felt in their original form to be dangerous or unaccceptable.

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Suppression

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The restraint or repression of an idea, activity, or reaction by something more powerful.

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Sublimation

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A mature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are consciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior.

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Sour Grapes Rationalization

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Sweet Lemon Rationalization

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Reaction Formation

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A defensive process in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety- producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration of the directly opposing tendency.

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Organ Inferiority

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Jung Drawings (Mandalas)

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Jung believed that mandala drawings are symbolic of the inner process by which individuals grow toward fulfilling their potential for wholeness.

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Projective Drawings

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Unconscious Automatic Writing

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An alleged psychic ability allowing a person to produce written words without consciously writing. Potentially arise from a subconscious, spiritual, or supernatural source.

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Eidetic Imagery

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Neo-Freudians

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A group of loosely linked theorists who were influence by Freud, but who extended his theories, often in social or cultural directions, and to eliminate Freud's biological connections.

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Introversion

Extroversion

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The state of or tendency toward being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one's own mental life, typically more reserved or reflective. Take pleasure in solitary activities.

The act, state, or habit of being predominantly concerned with obtaining gratification from what is outside the self.

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Myers- Briggs Type Indicator

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A psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.

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Rudolph Dreikurs

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Developed Adler's system of individual psychology into a pragmatic method for understanding the purposes of reprehensible behavior in children and for stimulating cooperative behavior without punishment or reward.

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Adler- Paradox

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Aims to advance the general field of psychology and treatment.These advances include: addressing hard to treat or resistant client, a scientific understanding that supports a process for spontaneous change, unifying behavioral, cognitive, & psychodynamic orientations under a single umbrella theory; a science based model showing how treating secondary non criminogenic behaviors will impact primary targeted criminogenic behaviors.

Front 43

Anima

Animus

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The two primary anthropomorphic archetypes of the unconscious mind.Anima is in the unconscious of the male as a feminine inner personality, while in the female the animus is the unconscious masculine inner personality.

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Jung Collective Unconscious

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The human unconscious is populated by instincts and archetypes. Believed it had profound influence on the lives of individuals who lived out its symbols and clothed them in meaning through their experiences.

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Archtypes (Common)

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A statement, pattern of behavior. or prototype which other statements, patterns of behvioar, and objects copy or emulate. Pure forms which embody the fundamental characteristics of a thing. A collectively- inherited unconscious idea, pattern of thought, image, etc. that is universally present in individual psyches. Constantly recurring symbol or motif in literature, painting, or mythology.

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Accurate Empathy

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Refers to how accurately one person can infer the thoughts and feelings of another person.

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Symptom Substitution

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A theory about the development of different symptoms that can replace old symptoms when they have cleared after the treatment. Takes place on an unconscious level.

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Logotherapy

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Developed by Viktor Frankl. Founded on the belief that human nature is motivated by the search for a life purpose, the pursuit of the meaning of one's life.

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Association

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A connection between conceptual entities or mental states that results from the similarity between those states or their proximity in space or time.

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Operants

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An item of behavior that is initially spontaneous, rather than a response to a prior stimulus but whose consequences may reinforce or inhibit recurrence of that behaivior.

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Reinforcement Theory

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BF Skinner.Individual's behavior is a function of its consequences.Based on law of effect, behaviors with positive consequences tend to be repeated, while behaviors with negative ones tend to not be. Theory focuses totally on what happens when an individual takes action.

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Classical Conditioning

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Process of behavior modification in which an innate response to a potent biological stimulus becomes expressed in response to a previously neutral stimulus, which is achieved by repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and the potent biological stimulur that elicits the desired response.

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Unconditioned Association

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A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.

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Operant Conditioning

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A method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior. it encourages the subject to associate desirable or undesirable outcomes with certain behaviors.

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Respondent Behavior

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A behavioral process that happens in response to some stimuli, and is essential to survival. Usually an involuntary reaction.

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Stimulus Discrimination

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A learned response to only the original stimulus and not to other similar stimuli.

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Aversive Conditioning

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The use of something unpleasant or a punishment to stop an unwanted behavior.

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Neal Miller (Animals)

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Began with research on fear as a learned drive and its role in conflict.

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Stimulus Generalization

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The tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.

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Depth Psychology

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Refers to approaches to therapy that are open to the exploration of the subtle, unconscious, and transpersonal aspects of human experience.

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Higher Order Conditioning

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EMG Feedback

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GSR Feedback

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Premack Principle

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EEG Feedback

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EKG Feedback

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Reinforcement Schedule (Classes)

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Intermittment Schedule

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Joseph Wolpe

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Primary Reinforcer

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Reinforcement Properties

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Covert Processing (sensitization)

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Secondary Reinforcement

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SUDS

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Aversive Conditioning

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Anxiety Hierarchy Items

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Assertiveness Trainers

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Conscious Rehearsal

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Behavioral Rehearsal

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Fixed Role Therapy

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Systematic Desensitization

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Sensate Focus

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In Vivo Sensitization (desensitization)

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Implosive Therapy

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Neophyte Counselor

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Viktor Frankl

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Existentialists focus on...

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Phenomenology

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William Glasser

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Reality Therapy

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Glasser's 8 Steps in Reality Therapy Process

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Positive Addiction

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REBT- Change Cognitions

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Epictetus

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ABC Theory

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Musterbations

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Catastrophizing

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Irrational Thinking at Point B

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Therapeutic Cognitive Restructuring

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Internal Verbalizations

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Stress Inoculation

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Parent Ego State

Adult Ego State

Child Ego State

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TA Cognitive Model

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Karpmans Triangle

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Life Script

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Fritz Perls

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Neurolinguistic Programming

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Projection Technique

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Exaggeration Experiment

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Sublimation

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Panic Reaction

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Retroflection

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Repression

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Gestalt

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Rogers (Client Change) ( 3 Conditions)

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Attending Behavior

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Counselors Social Power

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Front 118

Allen E. Ivey

Basic Empathy

Additive Empathy

Subtractive Empathy

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Front 119

Human Relations Core for effective Counseling:

Empathy, Positive Regard, Genuineness

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