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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 broad categories of development
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learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic
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qualitative vs. quantitative developmental changes
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qualitative: changes in structure (i.e. sexual)
quantitative: change in number, degree or frequency (i.e. intellectual) |
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continuous vs. discontinuous changes
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continuous: changes are sequential and cannot be seperated (e.g. personality)
discontinuous: certain abilities or behaviors can be seperated from others, argues for stages of development (e.g. language) |
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Mechanistic vs. Organismic changes
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mechanistic: reduction of all behavior to common elements (i.e. instict, reflexes)
Organismic: change is more than stimulus-Response, the organism is involved including the use of cognition (e.g moral/ethical development) |
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At what age/stage is self-concept concrete and physical?
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pre-school
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By adolescence self-concept becomes more_________
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abstract and psychological.
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Signs of self-recognition and ability to identify social categories show up by what age?
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24 months
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Nature vs. Nurture
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nature: genetic and hereditary factors
nurture: learning and environmental factors |
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genotype vs. phenotype
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genotype: genetic makeup
phenotype: physical and behavioral expression of genotype |
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Locke's view that children begin as a blank slate and acquire characteristics through experience
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Tabula rasa
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This term describes easy and smooth transition from one stage of development to the next
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Plasticity
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Resiliancy
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The ability to adapt effectively despite adversity
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What is the hierarchy of needs and who developed it?
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MASLOW
food/water, security/safety, belonging/love, self-esteem/status, self-actualization |
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A maturationalist believes that development is_________. GESELL
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genetically pre-ordained, orderly and predictable in a normal environment
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__________ are the skills, knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes acquired through maturation, social learning, and personal effort.
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Developmental Tasks
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What influences developmental tasks?
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physical maturation, culture and society, and desire and values.
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What learning approach is associated with John Watson and BF Skinner?
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Behaviorism
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Do behaviorists believe that environment manipulates biological and psychological drives and needs?
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yes.
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What is another way to phrase positive-reinforcing stimulus?
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reward
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describe punishment
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when behavior results in termination of positive-reinforcing stimulus or the begining of a negative stimulus.
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Pavlov's dog is an example of what?
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classical conditioning
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getting a hug or cookie following a behavior is...
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operant conditioning
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Edward Thorndike formulated which law?
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Law of effect: when a stimulus response is followed by a reward the condition is strengthened
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Which reinforcement schedule is more difficult to extinguish?
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variable or intermittant
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Reinforcement: fixed ratio vs. variable ratio
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fixed: reinforce after a fixed number of responses
variable: reinforce on the average after every nth response |
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Reinforcement: fixed interval vs. variable interval
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fixed: reinforce after a fixed period of time
variable: reinforce on avg. after every nth minute |
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when the conditioned response reappears (after a rest period) when the conditioned stimulus is presented
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spontaneous recovery
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How many stages of psycho sexual development? Name them.
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5. Oral, Anal, phallic, latency, gential
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In what stage does the Oedipal/Electra complex occur?
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phallic
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unconscious protective processes
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defense mechanisms
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define introjection
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identifying through fantasy the expression of an impulse or motive
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when energy is channeled into socially acceptable activities
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sublimation
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How mant stages in Erikson's stages of development? How are they different than FREUD?
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8. Erickson's stages cover a lifetime, not just childhood.
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Autonomy vs. shame results in which vitue and occurs at what age?
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Will (sense of self) 1.5-3 years)
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Love comes from which of Erickson's stages? and occurs at what age?
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Intimacy vs. Isolation, early adulthood
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What kind of develpoment did Jean Piaget study?
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cognitive
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What are the two processes with adaptation? explain them
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assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation modify the environmental events to incorporate them into individual's structure. Accomodation modifying the individual response to environmental events.
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Name the 4 stages of cognitive development
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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Being able to put objects in a logical order occurs in the ________ stage
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concrete operational
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If an individual has difficulty taking another's point of view they likely are in this stage of cognitive development
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preoperational
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He is known for moral development and three levels of relationshp between self and society
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Lawrence Kohlberg. Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
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If someone is has a urilitarian orientation and values and rules are relative, in which level of moral development are they?
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post conventional
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What is Daniel Levinson known for?
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Identifying three major transition times in a person's life.
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What developmental tasks must an individual cope with in adulthood? (Levinson)
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a) build modify and enhance life structure
b) form and modify single components of life structure. e.g. life dream, occupation, relationships, marriage c) become more individualized |
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Did Levinson's concept of midlife crisis come from his study of women?
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No.
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Systems approach is AKA as ________ and ________ is most closely associated with this model.
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Ecological approach, Bronfrenbrenner
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Social-learning models of development see importance in these two factors.
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social environment and cognitive
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What did Albert Bandura develop and what are the four mechanisms that facillitate the central concept of self-efficacy?
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Social learning theory.
Modeling vicarious experience verbal persuasion physiological states |
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Who is associated with developing a scheme for intellectual and ethical development? What are the three categories?
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William Perry
Dualism relativism is discovered Commitment in relativism |
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What is the self-in-relation theory?
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Feminist theory of development stating that people grow towards relationshps. Mature functioning is characterized by mutually deepening connections. Growth is characterized by involvment in complex relational networks. The core of positive relationships is mutual empathy and empowerment. growth-fostering relationships require engagements to be authentic and stimulate growth and change. Goals in development are characterized by an ability to resist disconnections, cources of oppression and obstacle sto mutual relationships.
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What is the main argument about women's development against most theories of development?
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They argue that gender-stereotyping, male-imposed standards, and a devaluation of feminine qualities makes women 2nd class citizens.
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What is the theory closely associated with Stone Center, Wellesley College? (2 names)
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self-in-relation/relational-cultural
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What did Carol Gilligan argue in her book, In a Different Voice?
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Women experience relationships differently than men do.
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Who is more likely to use the criteria of justice and rights in a moral dilemma, men or women?
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men.
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Which type of development theory emphasizes relationships and culture?
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feminist
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in terms of development what are passages?
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transitional periods between life stages- Gail Sheehy
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What percentage of the US population has a belief in a divine force or force greater than oneself?
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90%
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What may be directly influenced by a person's spirituality?
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self-concept
relationships worldview perception of nature and cause of problems |
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Define intelligence
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adaptive thinking or action (Piaget)
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What did Charles Spearman believe about intelligence?
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That there was general intelligence and special abilities
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What can influence intelligence?
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genetics, environment, experiences, cultural factors
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Describe an emotionally intelligent person.
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self-motivated, empathetic, grasps social cues and nonverbals, has strong interpersonal skills.
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An example of this concept is when selecting a partner one will most likely become involved with someone who lives nearby.
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Propinquity.
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A painful self-evaluation process at a time of transition may describe this Levinson concept.
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midlife crisis
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The percentage of the population with a discorder is the __________
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prevalence
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The number of new cases of a disorder within a given timeframe is the __________
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incidence
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prognosis vs. etiology
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anticipated course of the disorder vs. what causes the disorder
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Depression may be the outcome of multiple things. This is an exmaple of _____________
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Equifinality
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Comorbity vs. Co-occuring
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Having two or more disorders at the same time vs. having an Axis I or II disorder as well as substance abuse.
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Does research support the one-dimensional model that a chemical imbalence causes disorders?
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No.
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The assumption that the interaction between multiple factors causes a disorder is the ___________ model of causation.
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multidimensional model
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What components make up an individual's context?
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biology, behavior, cognitive, emotional, social, and cultural dimensions
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emotion vs. mood
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emotions are more temporary whereas mood is a mmmore persistant period of emotionality.
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ego-dystonic vs. ego-systonic
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ego-dystonic: symptoms an individual perceives as unacceptable or undesireable.
ego-systonic: symptoms or traits an individual perceives as acceptable. |
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What is determined during a clinical assessment?
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Psychological, biological and social factors associated with a psychological disorder.
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What 5 categories are covered in a Mental Status Exam?
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appearance and behavior
thought processes mood and affect intellectual functioning sensorium (orientation x 4) |
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A clinical interview is an example of this type of assessment.
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behavioral- directly observable
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Cognitive functioning, emotional or behavioral responses or personality characteristic are measured by what?
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psychological assessments, such as, Rorschach, MMPI, WAIS-III
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What does a neuropsychological assessment measure?
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brain dysfunctions, abilities such as language, memory and perception
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What does the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery measure?
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Organic brain damage and location of the injury.
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This is the therapeutic roadmap.
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Treatment plan.
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Many individuals move from the most restrictive to the least restrictive environment during treatment. They are moving through the ____________.
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continuum of care
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DSM-IV classifies people on ________. And they are:
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5 Axes. AXIS I: clinical disorders
Axis II personality disorders or mental retardation Axis III: general medical conditions Axis IV: psychosocial or environmental problems Axis V: GAF |
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Describe V codes used for?
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V codes are conditions not attributable to a mental disorder, but are important to intervention efforts.
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What does this describe? This occurs when defense mechanism sare used to cope with stressors.
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Adaptive functioning
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somatoform vs dissociative disorders
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physical ailments vs. alterations in perceptions
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Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia is this kind of disorder
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anxiety disorder
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What is a mood disorder?
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severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality
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What general category of sleep disorder do nightmares and sleepwalking fall under?
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parasomnia
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Disorders that consist of enduring ways of thinking and behaving which may cause distress to self or others.
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Personality disorders.
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What is category A? Which disorders fall under it?
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A. Odd or eccentric disorders
- Paranoid PD - Schizoid PD - Schizotypal PD |
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What is category B? Which disorders fall under it?
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B. Dramatic, emtional or erratic
- Antisocial PD - Borderline PD - Histrionic PD - Narcissistic PD |
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What is category C? Which disorders fall under it?
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C. Anxious or fearful
- Avoidant PD - Dependent PD - OCPD |
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What are the 4 types of schizophrenia?
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- paranoid
- disorganized - catatonic - undifferentiated |
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Which disorder disrupts a person's perceptions, thoughts, speech and movement?
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schizophrenia
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Autism vs. Asperger's
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Both have impaired social interaction skills and restricted patterns of behavior and interests, but people with Asperger's may have good verbal and language skills
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The highest prevalence of dementia is in people over ______ years of age
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85
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The DSM does not include all addictions. Give examples of some of them.
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- online gaming
- sex |
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Is mental illness a medical or legal concept?
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legal
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This process begain in the 1980s and lead to an increase in ________ and _________.
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Deinstitutionalization. Homelessness and criminal justice system contact.
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What diagnosis, not in DSM IV will likely appear in DSM V?
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PTSD
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