Nce Flashcards (Umary)

Front 1

Psychodiagnostic

Back 1

The study of personality through interpretation of behavior or nonverbal cues. A counselor may use the aforementioned factors or tests to label the client in a diagnostic category.

Front 2

Milton H. Erickson

Back 2

Associated with brief psychotherapy and innovative techniques in hypnosis.

Front 3

Jay Haley

Back 3

His work includes strategic and problem solving therapy, often uses paradox. Influenced by Milton H. Erickson.

Front 4

Arnold Lazarus

Back 4

Pioneer in behavior therapy movement, especially in systematic desensitization. Associated with multimodal therapy.

Front 5

William Perry

Back 5

Known for his ideas in adult cognitive development, especially college students. Came up with Dualistic thinking and Relativistic Thinking.

Front 6

Dualistic Thinking

Back 6

Concept developed by William Perry by which things are classified as good or bad, right or wrong. In other words, black or white thinking.

Front 7

Relativistic Thinking

Back 7

Not everything is right or wrong, it depends on the situation. There is more than one way to view the world. Higher order thinking than dualistic thinking, and should occur in adulthood.

Front 8

Robert Kegan

Back 8

His model stresses interpersonal development, is billed as a constructive model of development, meaning an individual constructs reality throughout the entire life span.

Front 9

Who made the following statement, “The ego is dependent on the Id”?

Back 9

Freud

Front 10

What is a common criticism of Jean Piaget's findings?

Back 10

His findings were often based on his own children.

Front 11

Schema

Back 11

Piaget’s term for a system which permits the child to test out things in the physical world.

Front 12

In children, which concept is the most easily understood, volume or mass?

Back 12

Mass. Volume comes later, usually in Piaget's Concrete Operations Stage.

Front 13

Lev Vygotsky

Back 13

He was at odds with Piaget, and felt development did not take place naturally. Stages unfold due to educational intervention. Coined the term Zone of Proximal Development, which describes the difference between a child’s performance without a teacher verses that which he or she is capable of with an instructor.

Front 14

John B. Watson

Back 14

Father of American Behaviorism.

Front 15

Epigenetic

Back 15

Biological term, each stage emerges from the one before it.

Front 16

Lawrence Kolhberg

Back 16

Focused on Moral Development. Stated there are there levels, each divided into two stages. His levels: Preconventional, Conventional, and Post Conventional. Only 40% of people enter into the Post Conventional Stage in life.

Front 17

Menninger Clinic of Kansas

Back 17

Psychoanalytic foothold, conducted landmark work in biofeedback.

Front 18

Biofeedback

Back 18

Technique to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively.

Front 19

RS

Back 19

Means Religious and Spiritual in our field.

Front 20

Identity Crisis

Back 20

Coined by Erikson, where a person suffers from knowing who they are and what they want to do. People may experience this in his stages

Front 21

Harry Stack Sullivan

Back 21

Came up with a stage theory for childhood development similar to Erickson, named the psychiatry of interpersonal relations. The following are the stages: infancy, childhood, the juvenile era, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence. Biological issues are less important than interpersonal and sociocultural demands of society.

Front 22

Hedonism (or native hedonism)

Back 22

Occurs in the second stage of the Preconventional level of Kohlberg’s moral developmental theory, where a child states, “If I am nice to others, I will get what I want”.

Front 23

Maturation Theory

Back 23

Behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. An individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. Freud and Erikson are classified as Maturationist.

Front 24

John Bowlby

Back 24

Worked with bonding and attachment and stated they have survival value, called adaptive significance. To lead a normal life, a child must bond with an adult before the age of three. If the bond is severed, it is known as object loss, and is the breeding ground for abnormal behavior. The three stages of object loss: protest, despair, detachment.

Front 25

Arnold Gesell

Back 25

Used a one way mirror for observing children. A maturationist, he felt development is primarily determined through genetics/heredity. Thus, a child must be ready before a certain level of education (kindergarten).

Front 26

Midlife Crisis

Back 26

Occurs between the ages of 35 and 45 for men, and about five years earlier for women. This can occur during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage in Erikson’s theory.

Front 27

Daniel Livinson

Back 27

Wrote two books, Season’s of a Man’s Life, and Season’s of a Woman’s Life, suggesting a midlife crisis was a good thing as it helped people to determine priorities. He stated a midlife crisis occurs for men ages 40-45, and women ages 35-40.

Front 28

Harry Harlow

Back 28

Stated that attachment was an innate tendency and is not learned. To demonstrate this, he put monkeys in isolation, and compared them to monkeys not in isolation, and found the monkeys in isolation were disturbed. He also placed monkeys with terry cloth mothers and others with wire cloth mothers. Baby Monkeys spent on average 16 hours a day with the terry cloth mother, and 1 and ½ hours with the wire mothers, suggesting contact comfort is important to bonding and attachment.

Front 29

Maccoby and Jacklin

Back 29

Found through research that males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations. This often does not occur until high school, and may be the result of sex role differences.

Front 30

When does Conformity peek?

Back 30

In the early teen years.

Front 31

Manifest Content

Back 31

Freudian term, in a dream it is the surface content, or the actual dream itself.

Front 32

Latent Content

Back 32

The deeper meaning of the manifest content, this is the deep level, within the unconscious.

Front 33

Who commits suicide more, males or females?

Back 33

Males commit suicide more, however women attempt suicide more. Theory suggests males use more violent means and thus are more successful.

Front 34

What is the suicide rate in America?

Back 34

11 / 100,000

Front 35

Stanley Coopersmith

Back 35

Found that child-rearing practices have impacts on self esteem. Children with high self esteem were punished just as often as those with low self esteem, however they were told the meaning of the rules, and understood the reasoning for them. Children with low self esteem had less structure and were not told why some things were bad.

Front 36

Cephalocaudal

Back 36

Meaning head to foot.

Front 37

Heritability

Back 37

The portion of trait that can be explained by genetic factors.

Front 38

Covert

Back 38

Any psychological process which cannot be directly observed.

Front 39

In Vivo

Back 39

Exposure to the actual situation in real life. Example: In Vivo Desensitization.

Front 40

Gibson

Back 40

Researched the matter of depth perception in children by using a visual cliff. The visual cliff is a devise which uses a glass sheet with simulates a drop-off. Infants will not attempt to cross the drop-off, suggesting depth perception is an inborn trait.

Front 41

Empiricism

Back 41

Scientists can only learn from objective facts. Also known as associationism. Comes from the philosophy of John Locke. Empiricism comes from the Greek word meaning experience. Empiricism is the forerunner of Behaviorism.

Front 42

Quantitative Change

Back 42

Changes which can be measured or tested. Empiricists view change as quantitative.

Front 43

Qualitative Change

Back 43

Change that may not be measurable. Instead of looking at the smaller parts of an individual, the entire person is taken into account. Gestalt is an example of a qualitative change model.

Front 44

Autistic

Back 44

Extremely withdrawn and isolated.

Front 45

Ethology

Back 45

The study of animals behavior in their natural environment.

Front 46

Konrad Lorenz

Back 46

Discovered imprinting, the instinctual behavior in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, which is usually the mother. Lorenz had baby goslings view him as the first moving object, resulting in them following him instead of their mother. Thus, during critical periods learning must occur or it will not occur at all. He also stated that humans are naturally aggressive, and compared us to a wolf. To limit this aggression, we need to utilize catharsis to get our anger out, using methods such as competitive sports.

Front 47

Centration

Back 47

Noticing key features of an object while not noticing the rest of it. Occurs in Piaget’s preoperational stage.

Front 48

R. J. Havinghurst

Back 48

Proposed developmental tasks for infancy and early childhood (learning to walk or eat solid foods), tasks for middle childhood, ages 6 to 12 (learning to get along with peers or developing a conscience), tasks of adolescence, ages 12 to 18 (preparing for marriage and a career), tasks for earl adulthood, age 19 to 30 (selecting a mate and starting a family), tasks for middle age, 30 to 60 (assisting teenage children to become responsible adults and developing leisure), tasks of later maturity, age 60 to death (dealing with the death of a spouse and retirement).

Front 49

The Primal Scene

Back 49

Psychoanalytic concept, where the child sees his parents having sexual intercourse, or the child is seduced by the parent. This can lead to neuroses later in life

Front 50

When did Elementary school counseling and guidance services begin gain momentum?

Back 50

In the 1960's.

Front 51

Daniel J. Levinston

Back 51

Conducted research at Yale that found that 80% of men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crisis. An age 30 crisis occurs in men when they feel it will soon be to lake to make later changes.

Front 52

Psychosis

Back 52

A break from reality which can include hallucinations, delusions, and thought disorders.

Front 53

Martin E. P. Seligman

Back 53

Studied learned helplessness, by electrocuting dogs during specific situations by which the dogs would give up and not fight the shocks.

Front 54

Risky Shift Phenomenon

Back 54

A group decision is often more liberal than an individual decision.

Front 55

Frank Parsons

Back 55

Called the father of guidance. In the 1900’s, Parsons set up centers to help individuals in search for work. Was the first pioneer to focus heavily on sociocultural issues.

Front 56

What is the divorce rate in the US?

Back 56

Around 50%.

Front 57

Humanistic Psychology

Back 57

Known as third force psychology, and is seen in Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Front 58

Higher Order Needs

Back 58

Any need which is not physiological, also known as Metaneeds.

Front 59

Mongolism

Back 59

Down Syndrome has also been called Mongolism due to the slanted eyes.

Front 60

Phenylketonuria

Back 60

Hereditary condition which is an amino acid metabolic difficulty that causes retardation unless the baby is placed on a special diet

Front 61

Klinefelter’s Symdrome

Back 61

Hereditary condition which males show no masculinity at puberty.

Front 62

Turner’s Syndrome

Back 62

Hereditary condition where females have no gonads or sex hormones.

Front 63

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

Back 63

Results whenever a releaser in the environment is present. The sequence of behavior will not very.

Front 64

Robert Kegan

Back 64

Stated the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction. His six stages of life development include: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional and interindividual.

Front 65

Equilibration

Back 65

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation).

Front 66

Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background

Back 66

Cross-cultural counseling, multicultural counseling, and intercultural counseling.

Front 67

AMCD

Back 67

Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development. ACA division that deals with multicultural counseling issues.

Front 68

Macroculture

Back 68

The majority culture, it is the dominant culture or culture that is accepted by the majority.

Front 69

Culture Epoch Theory

Back 69

All cultures pass through the same stages of development in terms of evolving and maturing.

Front 70

Eric Berne

Back 70

Father of Transactional Analysis, suggested the group is held together by a bond between the leader and the group members.

Front 71

Emile Durkheim

Back 71

One of the founders of modern sociology. Researched suicide.

Front 72

William McDougall

Back 72

Father of Hormic Psychology. Felt genetics played a role in group interaction. Believed in eugenics, by which more desirable people can be bread.

Front 73

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Back 73

Prohibited discrimination for reasons of gender, race, religion or national origin.

Front 74

Leon Festinger

Back 74

Stated friendship and attraction are highest for apartment dwellers living next door to each other.

Front 75

Propinquity

Back 75

People who are in close proximity to each other are attracted to each other.

Front 76

Contextualism

Back 76

Behavior must be assessed in the context of the culture in which the behavior occurs

Front 77

Carol Gilligan

Back 77

Was critical to Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development as she felt it was more applicable to males than females.

Front 78

John Dollard and Neal Miller

Back 78

Came up with the frustration-aggression theory, which states when people become blocked and cannot achieve a goal, they become frustrated which leads to aggression.

Front 79

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 79

Devised by Leon Festinger, suggested individuals are motivated to reduce tension and discomfort, thus putting an end to the dissonance.

Front 80

Mores

Back 80

Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior. If Mores are broken, people are often punished, often via legal action.

Front 81

Fokeways

Back 81

Similar to Mores, but often cause embarrassment thus the punishments are lighter and often do not account for legal action.

Front 82

Clemmont Vontress

Back 82

Suggested multicultural counselors would do well to remember that we all are part of a universal culture.

Front 83

Holophrases

Back 83

One or two word sentences often spoken to children one year of age or older, often occurs before the age of four.

Front 84

Emory Bogardus

Back 84

Developed a social distance scale which evaluated how an individual felt towards other ethnic groups.

Front 85

Culture

Back 85

Defined primarily via norms and values.

Front 86

Society

Back 86

Differs from a culture in that a society is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.

Front 87

Acculturation

Back 87

Ethnic and racial minorities integrate or adopt cultural beliefs and custom from the majority or dominate culture.

Front 88

Therapeutic Surrender

Back 88

When a client stops resisting the efforts of the therapist and begins to listen to what is being stated.

Front 89

Monolithic Perspective

Back 89

You see all members of a specific race or group as identical to each other.

Front 90

Connotation

Back 90

Emotional content of a word, not the dictionary definition.

Front 91

Victor Frankl

Back 91

Father of Logotherapy, existential form of treatment which focuses on healing through meaning.

Front 92

Emic

Back 92

Insider’s perception of the culture. Each person is an individual within a culture, therefore differences may exist from one culture to another.

Front 93

Etic

Back 93

Sameness between clients. All clients have things in common; therefore one uses the same approaches on one person as another, regardless of culture.

Front 94

Autoplastic

Back 94

Change comes from within.

Front 95

Alloplastic

Back 95

Change comes from the outside, or the environment.

Front 96

F. H. Allport

Back 96

Created the concept of social facilitation, where an individual who is given a task to memorize a list of numbers will do better in a group then if he were alone.

Front 97

Sleeper Effect

Back 97

After a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message.

Front 98

McDougall and Ross

Back 98

Wrote a book, Introduction to Social Psychology, where individual as well as group behavior is the result of inherited tendencies to seek goals.

Front 99

Jacob Moreno

Back 99

Pioneered psychodrama and coined the term group therapy.

Front 100

Irvin Yalom

Back 100

Existentialist, well known for strides in group work.

Front 101

T. X. Barber

Back 101

Espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism.

Front 102

Andrew Salter

Back 102

Pioneer in the behavior therapy creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy, and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis and autohypnosis.

Front 103

Robbers Cave Experiment

Back 103

Teaches a cooperative goal can bring two hostile groups together, thus reducing competition and enhancing cooperation.

Front 104

Joseph Breuer

Back 104

Taught Freud the value of the talking cure, known as catharsis.

Front 105

A A Brill

Back 105

Known for the impact Freudian therapy has on career choice.

Front 106

Transactional Analysis

Back 106

Created by Eric Berne, there are three ego states, the Child (ID), The Adult (Ego) and the Parent (Superego).

Front 107

Superego

Back 107

In Freudian Theory, the Superego is the ego state concerned with moral behavior.

Front 108

Ego

Back 108

Freudians refer to the ego as the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.

Front 109

The __________ is the balancing apparatus of the mind.

Back 109

Ego

Front 110

The ____________ strives for perfection

Back 110

Superego

Front 111

Anna O.

Back 111

Often cited as the first psychoanalytic patient, she suffered from hysteria, and was given hypnosis treatment, which influenced Freud’s Psychoanalysis.

Front 112

Little Hans

Back 112

Cites psychoanalytic theory, as he was a small child who had difficulty going into streets and was afraid of horses biting him. Freud used psychoanalytic constructs such as the Oedipus complex and castration anxiety to explain it. Is often used to contract Watson’s little Albert story.

Front 113

Daniel Paul Schreber

Back 113

Spent 9 years in a mental hospital, and wrote a book, Memoirs of a Mental Patient. Freud got a copy and thought he was dealing with issues of homosexuality. He felt afraid he would be turned into women, mate with God, and create a new race.

Front 114

Abreaction

Back 114

Also known as catharsis.

Front 115

Suppression

Back 115

Same as denial.

Front 116

Sour Grapes Rationalization

Back 116

When a good event does not occur, and you downplay it by saying you did not want the good event to occur anyway.

Front 117

Sweet Lemon Rationalization

Back 117

When a person states are good a bad set of circumstances is.

Front 118

When a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as ___________.

Back 118

Insight. Insight is equated with the work of Wolfgang Kohler, a gestalt psychologist.

Front 119

Logos

Back 119

Meaning logic, term from Jung, by which men operate by Logos, or logic.

Front 120

Eros

Back 120

Intuition, term from Jung, by which women operate by Eros, or intuition.

Front 121

In contrast with Freud, neo-Freudians emphasized _______________.

Back 121

Social factors.

Front 122

MBTI

Back 122

Myers Briggs Type Indicator: personality preference test, with four domains, each with two possibilities. From Jung.

Front 123

Rudolph Dreikurs

Back 123

Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice, was a student of Adler.

Front 124

Created the TAT.

Back 124

Henry Murry.

Front 125

Eclectic

Back 125

Is most closely associated with Fredrick C. Thorne, and is a scientific term.

Front 126

B.F. Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory

Back 126

Elaborated on Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect, which asserts responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while responses which produce discomfort will be stamped out.

Front 127

BASIC-ID

Back 127

Devised by Arnold Lazarus, stands for: B=Behaviors including arts, habits, and reactions. A=Affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood. S=Sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell and taste. I=Images, including memories and dreams. C=Cognitions including our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life. I=Interpersonal relationships. D=Drugs, including alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug use, diet, and nutritional supplementation.

Front 128

Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as _______________.

Back 128

Instrumental learning.

Front 129

Respondent Behavior

Back 129

Refers to reflexes.

Front 130

The most effective time interval between the CS and Us is ____________________.

Back 130

.5 or ½ of a second.

Front 131

Stimulus Generalization

Back 131

When a learned stimulus is generalized to another stimulus similar to the one learned. The stimulus is generalized, meaning it will occur for another stimulus without learning for that exact stimulus.

Front 132

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 132

When a stimulus is selected out from a group to be the only one that gives the CR.

Front 133

Experimental Neurosis

Back 133

When one cannot discriminate between two identical stimulus’s, emotional disturbance will occur.

Front 134

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on ____________________, while behavior therapy emphasizes ___________________.

Back 134

instrumental conditioning and Skinnerian principles / classical conditioning and Pavlovian principles.

Front 135

Neal Miller

Back 135

Conducted the first studies which demonstrated that animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes.

Front 136

Mary Cover Jones

Back 136

Demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction.

Front 137

NLP

Back 137

Neurolinguistic programming, created by John Grinder and John Bandler, studied therapists Virginia Satir, Milton H. Erickson, and Fritz Perls to discover what these therapists really did rather than what they said they did.

Front 138

A counselor who says he or she practices depth psychology technically bases his or her treatment on ______________________.

Back 138

Freud’s topographic hypothesis.

Front 139

A Counseling Paradigm

Back 139

is a treatment model.

Front 140

Robert Carkhuff

Back 140

Created a 5 point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect. 1 is the poorest rating, while 5 is the best rating. 3 is considered the minimum level.

Front 141

When something is added following an operant, it is known as a ___________, and when something is taken away it is called a _____________.

Back 141

Positive reinforcer / negative reinforcer.

Front 142

Higher Order Conditioning

Back 142

When a new stimulus is paired with a previously learned stimulus. This new stimulus will take on the characteristics of the old, even if the old one is extinct.

Front 143

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward off migraines. He would use a ______________________.

Back 143

Temperature trainer.

Front 144

EMG

Back 144

Electromyogram, used to measure muscle tension.

Front 145

EEG

Back 145

Electroencephalogram, used to monitor brain waves.

Front 146

EKG

Back 146

Electrocardiogram, provides data on the heart.

Front 147

Jacobson Relaxation Method

Back 147

Relaxion technique where different muscles are tensed and released until the body is relaxed.

Front 148

Premack Principle

Back 148

A lower probability behavior is reinforced by a higher probability behavior.

Front 149

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the __________________.

Back 149

Variable ratio.

Front 150

SUDS

Back 150

Subjective units of distress scale. Used in systematic desensitization

Front 151

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 151

A moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance.

Front 152

A stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforce takes on reinforcement properties of it’s own is known as ________________.

Back 152

Secondary reinforcement.

Front 153

A counselor utilizes role-playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the client is ordinarily nonassertive. Assertiveness trainers refer to this as _________________.

Back 153

Behavioral rehearsal.

Front 154

Fixed role therapy

Back 154

Created by George A. Kelly, a client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role, and is instructed to read the script at least three times a day and to think, act, and verbalize like the person in the script.

Front 155

Interposition

Back 155

Desensitization in imagination.

Front 156

Sensate focus

Back 156

Behavioral sex therapy developed by William H. Masters and Virginia Johnson. It works like systematic desensitization where a couple is told to engage in touching and caressing on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible.

Front 157

Classical Vegotherapy

Back 157

Theory by Wilhelm Reich, where sexual gratification was needed for the cure of emotional maladies. Orgone boxes were used, where one would sit in the box to restore their orgone energy levels. Was arrested for fraud and died in prison.

Front 158

Covert Sensitization

Back 158

Imagining an event before you do it. Example: Imaging you are getting on a airplane before you do it.

Front 159

Implosive therapy

Back 159

Therapy that occurs in the imagination. Always occurs in the imagination and is usually done to rehearse a real life therapy.

Front 160

EMDR

Back 160

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: moving the eyes can work to deal with traumatic memories. Devised by Francine Shapiro.

Front 161

Logotherapy

Back 161

Means healing through meaning.

Front 162

A horizontal relationship (I-Thou) assumes ___________ between persons

Back 162

Equality

Front 163

A vertical relationship is when the consular is viewed as ____________.

Back 163

An expert.

Front 164

Arthur Janov

Back 164

Known for primal scream therapy.

Front 165

Existentialists speak of three worlds, the __________, or the physical world, the ___________, the relationship, and the __________, or the identity world.

Back 165

Unwelt / Mitwelt / Eigenwelt

Front 166

Phenomenology

Back 166

The client’s internal personal experience of events.

Front 167

Ontology

Back 167

The philosophy of being and existing.

Front 168

William Glasser

Back 168

Father of reality therapy.

Front 169

ICD

Back 169

International Classification of Disease. Counterpart to the DSM.

Front 170

_________ theory was popularized in educational circles after he wrote Schools Without Failure.

Back 170

Glasser’s

Front 171

In Albert Ellis’s ___________________________ the client is taught to change cognitions, also known as self talk and internal verbalizations.

Back 171

Rational emotive behavior therapy.

Front 172

Epictetus

Back 172

The philosopher most closely related to REBT is Epictetus, a stotic philosopher who suggested we feel the way we think. He said, “People are disturbed not by things, but by the views they take of them.”

Front 173

Maxie C. Maultsby Jr.

Back 173

Is the father of rational behavior therapy. This therapy works well with multicultural populations and groups.

Front 174

Aaron T. Beck

Back 174

Founded the Beck Depression Inventory and is the father of Cognitive Therapy. Cognitive therapy is similar to REBT, but they believe dysfunctional ideas are too absolute and broad through not necessarily irrational.

Front 175

Donald Meichenbaum

Back 175

Cognitive therapist most closely associated with the concept of stress inoculation. It is called Self Instructional Therapy. The client is first in the educational phase, where the client learns to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior. Next clients are taught to rehearse self talk. Last, the client uses self talk in real life stressful situations to test themselves.

Front 176

Transactional Analysis often uses ______________.

Back 176

Gestalt

Front 177

Within Transactional Analysis, the Parent has two parts, the ______________ and the ______________.

Back 177

nurturing parent / critical parent.

Front 178

In TA, the _______ ego state processes facts and does not focus on feelings.

Back 178

Adult

Front 179

In TA, the __________ is made up of three stages, the natural child, the adapted child, and the little professor. The little professor explores and learns about the world, and is creative and intuitive. The natural child is spontaneous, impulsive and untrained. The Adapted child learns to comply to avoid punishment by the parent.

Back 179

Child state

Front 180

_______________ is a cognitive model of therapy which asserts that healthy communication transactions occur where vectors of communication run parallel.

Back 180

Transactional Analysis

Front 181

In _____________, there are four main positions: I am Ok, You are Ok; I am Ok, You are Not Ok; I am Not Ok, You are Ok, and I am Not Ok, You are Not Ok. These were made famous by Tom Harris.

Back 181

Transactional Analysis

Front 182

I am Ok, You are Ok

Back 182

Is a healthy position.

Front 183

I am Ok, You are not Ok

Back 183

are often criminals, and those who blame others for their problems.

Front 184

I am not Ok, You are Ok

Back 184

Are those who hate themselves, often will harm or cut themselves, and may kill themselves.

Front 185

I am not Ok, You are not Ok

Back 185

are often schizophrenic, and may kill themselves and others.

Front 186

Leonore Walker

Back 186

Stated domestic violence has three stages, first, the tension building phase where arguments take place easily. Next is the battering phase which can include physical and or sexual abuse, last is the honeymoon stage, where the abuser states they will never do it again and try to make up. The pattern often repeats, in the end without a honeymoon stage.

Front 187

A life script

Back 187

A life drama or plot.

Front 188

Never script

Back 188

When a person never feels he will succeed.

Front 189

Always script

Back 189

A person will always remain a given way.

Front 190

Open ended scripts

Back 190

In which the person has no direction or plan.

Front 191

Until script

Back 191

in which the client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives.

Front 192

A goal of ________ is to eliminate “it talk” and replace it with “I statements”.

Back 192

Gestalt

Front 193

Retroflection

Back 193

Is the act of doing to yourself what you really wish to do to someone else.

Front 194

_________ suggested five layers which must be peeled away to reach emotional stability. The person has a phony layer, a phobic layer, a impasse layer, the implosive layer, and the explosive layer.

Back 194

Perls

Front 195

Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during the __________.

Back 195

late 1960’s.

Front 196

_____________ is also known as nondirective counseling, client centered therapy, and the person centered approach.

Back 196

Rogerian therapy

Front 197

Allen E. Ivey has postulated three types of empathy, _______________________________________.

Back 197

Basic, subtractive and addictive.

Front 198

The human relations core for effective counseling includes ______________________________.

Back 198

Empathy, positive regard and genuineness.

Front 199

Dyad

Back 199

A unit of two functioning as a pair.

Front 200

In 1940, what two organizations for group therapy were created?

Back 200

The American society for group psychotherapy and psychodrama, and the American group psychotherapy association.

Front 201

ASGW

Back 201

The association for specialists in group work. Is a division of the ACA that focuses primarily on group intervention.

Front 202

NASW

Back 202

National association of social workers, established in 1955.

Front 203

AAS

Back 203

American association of suicidology.

Front 204

________ work has been classified as a preface to the group movement.

Back 204

Alder’s

Front 205

Primary groups

Back 205

Preventive and attempt to ward off problems. They focus on a healthy lifestyle or coping strategies which can reduce the occurrence of a given difficulty.

Front 206

Secondary groups

Back 206

A problem or disturbance is present but not severe.

Front 207

Tertiary groups

Back 207

Focuses more with individual difficulties that are more serious and longstanding.

Front 208

Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to a shortage of individual therapists during ___________..

Back 208

World War II.

Front 209

T-Group

Back 209

Training group, often used in industrial and organizational settings to process personal interactions and improve efficiency. A wealth of work has been done by National Training Laboratories (NTL) in Bethel, Maine, created by Leland Bradford, Kenneth Benne and Ronald Lippitt.

Front 210

Guidance group

Back 210

A primary group in the sense that it is mainly preventive. Also known as affective education group, psychological education group, and psychoeducational group.

Front 211

Therapy in relation to group work is ____________ than counseling.

Back 211

more severe.

Front 212

Most experts would agree that overall structured exercised are _______________ than unstructured techniques.

Back 212

less effective.

Front 213

AA is what type of group?

Back 213

Self help group, it may be run by an organization or may charge fees, but not both.

Front 214

Support Group

Back 214

A support group is conducted by an organization and might charge fees.

Front 215

Process

Back 215

The manner in which the communication transpires.

Front 216

Content

Back 216

Analysis of the client’s material

Front 217

Autocratic Leadership Style

Back 217

The leader has a strict set of rules and runs the group hard. There is a high level of structure.

Front 218

Democratic Leadership Style

Back 218

The group works together to make decisions and is considered to be the most healthy group leadership style.

Front 219

Laissez Faire Leadership Style

Back 219

The group leader does not have much structure and lets the group go in it’s own direction.

Front 220

Coleaders are apt to work at cross purposes when they do not meet between _____________.

Back 220

Group sessions.

Front 221

An effective adult counseling group has ___________ members

Back 221

5 to 6 to 8

Front 222

An effective children counseling group has __________ than an adult group.

Back 222

Less members.

Front 223

______ hours per session is a good norm for a group.

Back 223

2

Front 224

Group Dynamics

Back 224

The study of group operations.

Front 225

Experts firmly believe that a common weakness in many groups is ______________.

Back 225

A lack of goal setting.

Front 226

Research demonstrates that structured exercises with feedback __________ in the group served to improve communication between group members

Back 226

Early.

Front 227

Group Role: Energizer

Back 227

Often is enthusiastic and encourages the group to move forward.

Front 228

Group Role: Scapegoat

Back 228

Often is the focus of blame within the group.

Front 229

Group Role: Gatekeeper

Back 229

Makes sure everyone is on task and participates. This person may wish to lead the group, or to gain control of the group. The gatekeeper often does not work on his problems but focuses on the problems of others.

Front 230

Group Role: Interrogator

Back 230

Also known as a peeping tom, this person often asks to many questions to others in the group, and at times can be unapproperate.

Front 231

Group Role: The Follower

Back 231

Often goes along with what the group wants, is often not involved and nonassertive.

Front 232

In a healthy group members are flexible and ____________.

Back 232

Can change roles.

Front 233

Role conflict

Back 233

Situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he or she actually behaves.

Front 234

Group Stages: First Stage

Back 234

The initial stage, also called orientation and exploration, preaffiliation, forming.

Front 235

Group Stages: Second Stage

Back 235

Is often a transition stage, also called power and control, storming.

Front 236

Group Stages: Third Stage

Back 236

Forming, also known as the working stage, norming stage, cohesion stage, and negotiation, intimacy, an frame of reference.

Front 237

Group Stages: Fourth stage

Back 237

Separation stage, also known as the termination stage, closure stage, adjourning stage.

Front 238

The ________ group stage has been called forming, orientation, or the preaffiliation stage. This stage is characterized by approach-avoidance behavior.

Back 238

Initial

Front 239

A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in the group ____________ stage.

Back 239

Formation/exploratory

Front 240

Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occur in the __________________________.

Back 240

Second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage.

Front 241

A hierarchy or pecking order among members occurs in the stage of __________________.

Back 241

Storming, also known as the power-control stage.

Front 242

Pictorial sociogram

Back 242

A diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members.

Front 243

Horizontal interventions

Back 243

Strategies that approach the group as a whole.

Front 244

Vertical interventions

Back 244

Strategies that focus on an individual member of the group.

Front 245

In terms of research and the group leader’s personality, qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm, and common sense may be helpful to a ________ degree.

Back 245

Very small

Front 246

Conyne suggested that group intervention is intended to _______________ behavior

Back 246

prevent, correct, or enhance

Front 247

Displaced Homemaker

Back 247

A woman with children who was a homemaker but is currently in need of work to support her family.

Front 248

Victor Vroom

Back 248

Came up with the motivation and management expectancy theory stating that an employee’s performance is influenced by valence (will the work provide rewards such as money, a promotion, or satisfaction?), expectancy (what does the person feel he or she is capable of doing?) and instrumentality (will the manager actually give the employee the promised reward such as a raise?).

Front 249

Duel career household

Back 249

In a duel career household, the woman is typically secure in her career before she has children.

Front 250

Vocational Guidance

Back 250

A developmental and educational process within a school system.

Front 251

Career Counseling

Back 251

A therapeutic service for adults preformed outside an educational setting.

Front 252

Leisure

Back 252

The time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

Front 253

Career

Back 253

Sometimes defined as the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure.

Front 254

Avocation

Back 254

A leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money.

Front 255

Women make ____ cents on the dollar a man makes.

Back 255

76

Front 256

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

Back 256

Set forth in 1964 and amended in 1972, stated that women would have equal work opportunities and equal job pay.

Front 257

80% Four-fifths Rule

Back 257

Test to see if adverse impact exists while hiring minorities. If the hiring ratio from minorities to whites is not within 80%, an adverse effect exists. To do so, the hiring rate of minorities is divided by the hiring rate for whites. If the quotient is less than 80%, then adverse impact is evident.

Front 258

Using the 80% Four-fifths Rule, Calculate for a company with 45 white employees and 30 minority employees.

Back 258

66%, which is less than 80%, meaning an adverse effect is present.

Front 259

Trait and factor theory

Back 259

Approach that attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person. Devised by Parsons and Williamson. The theory assumes that an individual’s traits can be measured so accurately that the choice of an occupation is a one-time process. Computer career guidance programs often adhere to the trait and factor model.

Front 260

Edmund Griffith Williamson

Back 260

Chief spokesman for the Minnesota Viewpoint, which expanded upon Parson’s model to create a theory for counseling which transcended vocational issues.

Front 261

_____________ has been called the father of vocational guidance.

Back 261

Frank Parsons

Front 262

Minnesota Viewpoint

Back 262

Purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

Front 263

_______ suggested a personality approach to career choice based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. Her work is also known as a “person environment” theory. She utilized a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing fields and levels. The eight fields include: service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture and arts/entertainment. The six levels of occupational skill include: professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2, semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled.

Back 263

Anne Roe

Front 264

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: ________________________________ The result is that the child will develop a personality which gravitates towards people or away from people.

Back 264

overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant.

Front 265

Roe utilizes _______ hierarchy of needs in that lower order needs take precedence over higher level needs.

Back 265

Maslow’s

Front 266

Some support for Roe’s theory comes from the Rorchach and the ________.

Back 266

TAT

Front 267

In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that genetics help to determine intelligence and education and hence thus influences one’s __________.

Back 267

career choice.

Front 268

Roe’s theory states _______ is influenced by genetics, parent child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people, things) education and intelligence.

Back 268

career choice

Front 269

Job

Back 269

Refers to a given position or similar positions within an organization

Front 270

Occupation

Back 270

Is broader and refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (example: psychotherapists).

Front 271

Career

Back 271

The broadest category because it depicts a person’s lifestyle positions plus leisure.

Front 272

Bordin

Back 272

Emphasized the unconscious processes of the mind in terms of career choice. He thought career choice could be used to solve unconscious conflicts. He felt that difficulties related to job choice are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

Front 273

A.A. Brill

Back 273

Emphasized sublimation as an ego defense mechanism.

Front 274

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of __________. There are four assumptions to his theory. First, in our culture, there are six basic personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional. Second, most work environments correspond to six personality types. Third, people search out an agreeable environment which lets them express their personality type. Fourth, the individual’s behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and the environment.

Back 274

John Holland

Front 275

In Holland’s theory, teachers, counselors, speech therapists and social workers would fit into the _________.

Back 275

social category

Front 276

In Holland's Theory, the vice president of the US would be __________. The ___________ person likes to sell to others or perform leadership tasks. He or she would value power and status. Other occupations include: real estate agents, agents, business owners, television producers, and hotel managers.

Back 276

Enterprising

Front 277

In Holland's theory, people of this type like to think their way through problems. Occupations include: scientists, design engineers, geologists, mathematicians and philosophers.

Back 277

Investigative

Front 278

Holland’s ______ type favors feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. The focus usually is on self expression.

Back 278

Artistic

Front 279

Holland’s ________type values conformity, structure, rules and feels comfortable in a subordinate role. Statisticians, bank clerks, and controllers fit this stereotype

Back 279

Conventional

Front 280

The Strong Interest Inventory is based on _______ model

Back 280

Holland’s

Front 281

Hoppock’s theory

Back 281

based on the work of Henry Murray and is considered a personality approach.

Front 282

Henry Murray

Back 282

Created the “needs press” theory and the TAT

Front 283

Robert Rosenthal

Back 283

Is famous for his research regarding the experimenter effect.

Front 284

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herma

Back 284

Viewed career choice as a longitudinal process rather than a single decision. Occupational choice takes place during a 6 to 10 year period. There are three stages: fantasy, ages from birth to age 11, based strongly on impulses. Tentative, ages 11 to 17, where interests and abilities are examined. The realistic period ages 17 onward, where a choice is made by weighing abilities and needs and making a compromise. Exploration was said to lead to crystallization. Choice is a lifelong process, meaning a career can change. This theory was the beginning of the developmental theories.

Front 285

The most popular developmental career theorist is _______. He emphasized the self concept.

Back 285

Donald Super

Front 286

_______ theory emphasizes five life stages. The stages are: first, Growth (birth to 14), second: exploration (15-24), third establishment (24-44), fourth maintenance (44-64), and fifth, decline (65+). Super’s theory includes the life career rainbow.

Back 286

Super’s

Front 287

John Crites

Back 287

Researched into the phenomenon of career maturity, also known as vocational maturity.

Front 288

Schlossberg

Back 288

Focused heavily on adult career development. She suggested 5 factors: behavior in the adult years is primary determined by social rather than biological factors; behavior can either be a function of one’s life stage or one’s age at other times; sex differences are actually more powerful than age or stage differences; adults continually experience transitions which require adaptation and self assessment; identity, intimacy and Generatively are recurring themes in adulthood.

Front 289

The decision making theory

Back 289

Refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara. A decision making process has two parts; first, the client imagines himself in the career, and second, the client engages in the career to test it

Front 290

All __________ theories contend that the individual has the power to choose from the various career options.

Back 290

decision making

Front 291

______________ postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of Albert Bandura.

Back 291

John Krumboltz

Front 292

Human Capital Theory

Back 292

individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income.

Front 293

Accident theory of career development

Back 293

chance factors influence one’s career.

Front 294

Status Attainment theory

Back 294

A child will eventually secure a job commensurate with his or her family status.

Front 295

A counselor who favors a ___________ mode of career counseling would most likely suggest a site visit to a work setting.

Back 295

behavioristic

Front 296

The Gelatt Decision Model

Back 296

Created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as “the fuel of the decision”. The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems: predictive, value and decision. The predictive system is concerned with the probable alternatives, actions and possibilities. The person’s value system is concerned with one’s relative preferences regarding the outcomes, while the decision system provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome.

Front 297

Linda Gottfredson

Back 297

Created the developmental theory of career focuses on circumscription and compromise theory. People restrict choices and when people do compromise in regard to picking a job they will often sacrifice the field of work before they sacrifice sextype or privilege.

Front 298

The leading method adults use to find career information in the US is by securing information via _________.

Back 298

The newspaper.

Front 299

OOH

Back 299

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to the occupational outlook handbook. It was published in 1946 to aid war veterans, is still used in 9 out of 10 high schools.

Front 300

DOT

Back 300

The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) at its zenith listed approximately 30,000 job titles. The DOT has a nine digit code, where the first 3 digits designed the occupational category and divisions, the middle three described tasks in relation to data, people and things, the final digits helped alphabetize the titles. The DOT was published in 1939 by the department of labor.

Front 301

A counselor interested in trends in the job market should consult

Back 301

the OOH.

Front 302

State Department of Economic Regulation

Back 302

State department that often handles counselor licensing. Another division that may handle licensing is the board of healing arts.

Front 303

SOC

Back 303

Standard Occupational Classification Manual: codes job clusters via similar worker function.

Front 304

SIC

Back 304

Standard Industrial Classification Manual: classifies business in regard to the type of activity they are engaged in (ie, the type of service or product).

Front 305

Underemployment

Back 305

When a worker is engaged in a position below his or her skill level.

Front 306

The ________________ was published by the US Department of Labor The Guide lists groups of jobs listed in 14 interest areas.

Back 306

Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE)

Front 307

SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover are

Back 307

Computer assisted career guidance systems

Front 308

A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as _________.

Back 308

Spillover

Front 309

The contrast effect

Back 309

During job interviews, when a client is seen after other clients who appear worse than the current client, the client will be seen in a most positive light. The inverse is also true.

Front 310

Compensatory effect

Back 310

A worker compensates for things he or she cannot get at work.

Front 311

The recency effect

Back 311

An employee is evaluated based on current performance, not on overall performance.

Front 312

Leniency / Strictness bias

Back 312

Giving a worker a very high or a very low rating, and avoiding average ratings.

Front 313

ACA

Back 313

American Counseling Association

Front 314

Lifestyle

Back 314

Includes work, leisure, and style of living.

Front 315

Self directed search (SDS)

Back 315

Is based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, is self administrated, and self scored.

Front 316

Sedentary

Back 316

Maximum lifting is 10 pounds.

Front 317

Light work

Back 317

Maximum lifting is 20 pounds

Front 318

Medium Work

Back 318

Maximum lifting is 50 pounds

Front 319

Heavy Work

Back 319

Maximum lifting is 100 pounds

Front 320

Very Heavy Work

Back 320

Max lifting is 100+ pounds

Front 321

Over ___% of jobs are not advertised

Back 321

76

Front 322

An SDS score

Back 322

Will reveal the individual’s three highest scores based on Holland’s personality types.

Front 323

KOIS

Back 323

Kuder Occupational Interest Survey: Now called the Kuder Career Search with Person Match set up so individuals can complete it online in 20-30 minutes. It is written on a 6th grade reading level and is effective at the 7th grade and into adulthood.

Front 324

GATB

Back 324

General Aptitude Test Battery, it measures 12 job related aptitudes such as intelligence/general learning ability, verbal aptitude, numerical aptitude, spatial aptitude, clerical perception, form perception, motor coordination, manual dexterity and finger dexterity.

Front 325

________ tests measure potential.

Back 325

Aptitude

Front 326

_________ tests measure actual knowledge.

Back 326

Achievement

Front 327

_________ would likely say we take a job that will most likely meet our needs.

Back 327

Robert Hoppock

Front 328

A ___________ relies mainly on the scorer’s opinion.

Back 328

subjective test

Front 329

Objective test

Back 329

A test with a specific scoring procedure.

Front 330

Free choice test

Back 330

Often a short answer format, allows the responder to answer in any manor they wish.

Front 331

Forced choice test

Back 331

Usually a multiple choice test, the responder can answer from a specific list of options. Also known as recognition items.

Front 332

The ___________indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly.

Back 332

Difficulty index

Front 333

Dichotomy

Back 333

You are presented with two opposing choices.

Front 334

A __________ each item is independent of all other items. This allows a person to be able to be compared with others who took the same test.

Back 334

normative format

Front 335

Ipsative

Back 335

Measures compare traits within the same individual, they do not compare a person to other person who took the instrument.

Front 336

Speed test

Back 336

A test that measures time. There is no way to complete a speed test.

Front 337

Power test

Back 337

Similar to a speed test, however most complete a power test. Designed to test knowledge.

Front 338

Personality test

Back 338

Or interest inventory measures typical performance.

Front 339

Spiral test

Back 339

Items get progressively more difficult

Front 340

Cyclical test

Back 340

You have several sections which are spiral in nature. The test is divided into sections, with questions going from easy to hard in each section.

Front 341

Test battery

Back 341

Several measures are used to produce results that could be more accurate than those derived from merely using a single source. A test battery is considered a horizontal test.

Front 342

Horizontal test

Back 342

Measures various factors during the same testing procedure.

Front 343

Vertical test

Back 343

Has versions for various age brackets or levels of education.

Front 344

Validity

Back 344

States if a test measures what it is intended to measure. It is the most important characteristic of a test. A test that is valid is also reliable, however a test can be reliable but not be valid.

Front 345

Content Validity

Back 345

Also called rational or logical validity, does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny? In other words, does the content of the test measure what it intends to measure?

Front 346

Construct Validity

Back 346

The test’s ability to measure a theoretical construct, like intelligence, self esteem, etc.

Front 347

Concurrent Validity

Back 347

How well the test compares to other instruments that are intended for the same purpose.

Front 348

Predictive Validity

Back 348

Also known as empirical validity, reflects the test’s ability to predict future behavior according to established criteria.

Front 349

Criterion Validity

Back 349

A combination of concurrent and predictive validity.

Front 350

Consequential Validity

Back 350

Tries to ascertain the social implications of using tests.

Front 351

Face Validity

Back 351

How well does a test appear to measure what it measures? Is the lowest form of validity.

Front 352

Incremental Validity

Back 352

How a test is refined and becomes more valid as contradictory items are dropped. It also refers to a test’s ability to improve predictions when compared to existing measures that purport to facilitate selection in business and educational settings.

Front 353

Synthetic Validity

Back 353

The helper or researcher looks for tests that have been shown to predict each job element or component. Tests that predict each component can then be combined to improve the selection process.

Front 354

Convergent Validity

Back 354

Relates to both criterion and construct validity, it is the relationship or correlation of a test to an independent measure or trait. You use it to measure criterion and construct validity by correlating test scores with an outside source.

Front 355

Discriminate Validity

Back 355

The test will not reflect unrelated variables.

Front 356

Reliability

Back 356

How often will the test measure the intended construct? Is it reliable?

Front 357

Test-retest reliability

Back 357

Giving the same test to the same group two times then correlating the scores.

Front 358

Equivalent or alternate forms reliability

Back 358

Giving the same population alternate forms of the identical test. Each form will have the same psychometric/statistical properties as the original instrument.

Front 359

Split half method

Back 359

A counselor during research decided to split a standardized test in half by using the even items as one test and the odd items as a second test and then correlating them. The counselor was testing reliability via the split half method.

Front 360

Interrater/interobserver

Back 360

Several raters assess the same performance. It is also called scorer reliability and is utilized when subjective tests such as projectives to ascertain whether the scoring criteria are such that two persons who grade or assess the responses will produce roughly the same score.

Front 361

A reliability coefficient for most psychological attributes is often

Back 361

.70 or greater

Front 362

For jobs, schools, and so on, a reliability coefficient should be at least

Back 362

.80, and sometimes .90

Front 363

Coefficient of determination

Back 363

The true variance of a test-retest reliability method. For example, if you give the same test two different times, you want to see the level of the same thing measured with each test. To do so, you square the correlation. If the correlation is .70, you take .70, square it and get .49. You then multiply this by 100 and you get 49%. This is your coefficient of determination.

Front 364

Francis Galton

Back 364

Conducted research and concluded that intelligence was normally distributed like height or weight and that it was primarily genetic. He felt intelligence was a unitary facility.

Front 365

Fluid intelligence

Back 365

Can change in time and is culture free and adjusts to situations.

Front 366

Crystallized intelligence

Back 366

Rigid and does not change in time.

Front 367

Spearman

Back 367

Stated there are two factors in intelligence, a general ability, called G, and a specific ability called S, which were thought to be applicable to any mental task.

Front 368

J. P. Guilford

Back 368

Isolated 120 factors which added up to intelligence. He is also remembered for his thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking.

Front 369

Convergent thinking

Back 369

Occurs when divergent thoughts and ideas are combined into a singular concept.

Front 370

Divergent thinking

Back 370

Is the ability to generate a novel idea.

Front 371

Interitem consistency

Back 371

Also know as internal consistency or homogeneity, is determining if each item on the test is measuring the same thing as every other item. This is found by using the Kuder Richardson estimates, which are often denoted on exams as the KR-20 or KR-21.

Front 372

Cross validation

Back 372

Takes place when a research further examines the criterion validity or a test by administering the test to a new sample. This procedure is necessary to ensure that the original validity coefficient is applicable to others who will take the exam.

Front 373

In most cases a cross-validation coefficient is indeed smaller than the initial validity coefficient. This phenomenon is called________.

Back 373

shrinkage

Front 374

Today the ____________ is used from ages 2 until adulthood. The IQ formula has been replaced by the SAS, or the standard age score.

Back 374

Stanford Binet

Front 375

Entropy

Back 375

A popular term in family therapy, is when a dysfunctional family are either too open or too closed. A healthy family is said to be in a balanced state and is in negative entropy.

Front 376

Most experts would agree that the Binet does not seen to be the best test for ________.

Back 376

adults

Front 377

WPPSI

Back 377

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence: given at 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, three months.

Front 378

WISC

Back 378

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: 6 to 16 years, 11 months.

Front 379

WAIS

Back 379

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: 16 and beyond.

Front 380

The mean of the Wechsler is _____ and the standard deviation is ______.

Back 380

100 / 15

Front 381

Group IQ tests

Back 381

Otis Lennon, Lorge-Thorndike, and the California Test of Mental Abilities.

Front 382

The group IQ movement began with the army alpha and the army beta in _________.

Back 382

World War I

Front 383

Culture fair test

Back 383

Items are known to the subject regardless of his or her culture.

Front 384

Arthur Jensen

Back 384

The Black verses White IQ controversy was sparked mainly by a 1969 article written by Arthur Jensen. He stated that IQ was mainly a genetic trait that made up around 80% of IQ. He stated Blacks score 10-15 points lower than whites on IQ based tests.

Front 385

Robert Williams

Back 385

Created the Black Intelligence Test of Cultural Homogeneity (BITCH) to demonstrate that blacks often excelled when given a test laden with questions familiar to the black community.

Front 386

John Ertl

Back 386

Invented an electronic machine to analyses neural efficiency to take the place of pencil and paper tests. It relies on a computer, an EEG, a strobe light, and an electrode helmet. The faster one processes the perception, the more intelligence he or she has. Not a well accepted theory.

Front 387

Raymond B. Cattell

Back 387

Came up with fluid and crystallized intelligence.

Front 388

The MMPI-2 is a

Back 388

standardized personality test.

Front 389

16 PF

Back 389

The 16 PF reflects the work of Raymond B. Cattell. It is the 16 personality factor questionnaire and is for people 16 and above. It measures key personality factors such as assertiveness, emotional maturity, and shrewdness.

Front 390

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator reflects the work of ____________.

Back 390

Carl Jung

Front 391

Oscar K. Buros

Back 391

Came up with the Mental Measurements Yearbook that rates psychological tests.

Front 392

Interest inventories work best with individuals who are of ____________ or above.

Back 392

high school age

Front 393

A counselor who had an interest primarily in testing would most likely be a member of

Back 393

the AMECD, the Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development.

Front 394

Public Law 93-380

Back 394

Also known as the Buckley Amendment, a 19 year old college student attending college can view their records which include test data, and view their infant daughter’s infant IQ scores, and demand a correction she discovers while reading a file.

Front 395

Lewis Terman Americanized the _____

Back 395

Binet

Front 396

Item difficulty index

Back 396

The item difficulty index is calculated by taking the number of persons tested who answered the question correctly divided by the total number of person’s tested.

Front 397

Quasi-experiment

Back 397

The researcher uses preexisting groups, hence the IV cannot be altered (gender, ethnicity, etc). As a result, you cannot state that the IV caused the DV.

Front 398

Internal Validity

Back 398

Refers to whether the DVs were truly influenced by the experimental IVs or whether other factors had an impact.

Front 399

External Validity

Back 399

Refers to whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations.

Front 400

Factor Analysis

Back 400

Statistical procedure that the important or underlying factors in an attempt to summarize a lot of variables.

Front 401

Chi-square

Back 401

Nonparametric statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from an expected theoretical distribution.

Front 402

Parsimony

Back 402

Interpreting the results in the simplest way. Also known as Occam’s Razor.

Front 403

Casual Comparative Design

Back 403

A true experiment except the groups were not randomly assigned. Can be analyzed with a test of significance (t test or ANOVA).

Front 404

Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of

Back 404

R.A. Fisher

Front 405

Meta Analysis

Back 405

A study that analyzes the findings of numerous studies

Front 406

The hunch is known as the experimental or ________________.

Back 406

Alternative hypothesis

Front 407

From a purely statistics standpoint, in order to compare a control group to the experimental group, the researcher will need a ____________.

Back 407

test of significance

Front 408

___________research does not make use of the paradigm in which an IV is experimentally introduced

Back 408

Correlational

Front 409

A percentage score is just another way of stating a __________.

Back 409

raw score

Front 410

P stands for

Back 410

probability

Front 411

Type I error

Back 411

Also known as an alpha error, is when a researcher rejects the null hypothesis when it is true. The probability of committing a Type I error equals the level of significance. The level of significance is known as the alpha level.

Front 412

1 Minus beta

Back 412

Called the power of a statistical test, as power connotes a statistical test’s ability to reject correctly a false null hypothesis.

Front 413

Type II error

Back 413

Also known as a beta error, is when a researcher accepts a null hypothesis when it is false.

Front 414

Increasing the sample size helps to reduce

Back 414

Type I and II errors

Front 415

When you decrease the significance level, alpha errors ________ but beta errors ________.

Back 415

decrease / increase

Front 416

t test

Back 416

A simplistic form of the analysis of variance, is used to ascertain whether two sample means are significantly different.

Front 417

ANOVA

Back 417

Stands for Analysis of Variance. It is used when you need to compare more than two groups. The results of an ANOVA yield an F-statistic. The researcher then consults an F table for a critical value. If F obtained exceeds the critical value, then the null hypothesis is rejected.

Front 418

ANCOVA

Back 418

Analysis of Covariance, tests two groups while controlling for extraneous variables that are often called covariates.

Front 419

Kruskal-Wallis

Back 419

Is used instead of a one way ANOVA when the data are nonparametric.

Front 420

The Wilcoson signed rank test

Back 420

Used in place of the t test when the data are nonparametric and you wish to test whether two correlated means differ significantly.

Front 421

Mann-Whitney U Test

Back 421

Determine whether two uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametric.

Front 422

Spearman correlation

Back 422

Is used in place of the Pearson r when parametric assumptions cannot be utilized.

Front 423

A one way ANOVA is used for testing one ______, while a two-way ANOVA tests two ______.

Back 423

IV / IV’s

Front 424

A Correlation Coefficient is often

Back 424

a small r

Front 425

An ________ time series design is the simplest type of single subject research and was initially popularized by behavioral modifiers in the 1960’s and 70’s.

Back 425

AB or ABA

Front 426

1 Standard Deviation

Back 426

68%

Front 427

2 Standard Deviations

Back 427

95%

Front 428

3 Standard Deviations

Back 428

99.70%

Front 429

_______ is the most common score; it is the least important measure of central tendency.

Back 429

Mode

Front 430

A _________ distribution has two modes, graphically this looks roughly like a camel’s back with two humps.

Back 430

bimodal

Front 431

The most useful measure abbreviated by an X with a bar over it is the ________.

Back 431

mean

Front 432

The _______is misleading when the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores.

Back 432

mean

Front 433

When a distribution of scores is not distributed normally statisticians call it a ______________.

Back 433

skewed distribution

Front 434

In a new experiment, a counselor educator wants to ferret out the effects of more than one IV. She will use a ____________.

Back 434

factorial design

Front 435

A positively skewed distribution is one with many _______ scores

Back 435

low

Front 436

A negatively skewed distribution is one with many ______ scores.

Back 436

high

Front 437

Abscissa

Back 437

The X axis

Front 438

Ordinate

Back 438

The Y axis

Front 439

If a distribution is bimodal, there is a good chance that the researcher is working with ________________.

Back 439

Two different populations

Front 440

Z scores

Back 440

Are the same as standard deviations

Front 441

T-score

Back 441

Has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a standard deviation above or below the mean.

Front 442

A platykurtic distribution

Back 442

Looks like a upper half of a hot dog lying on its side over the abscissa.

Front 443

Kurtosis

Back 443

Peakedness of a frequency distribution

Front 444

Leptokurtic

Back 444

When a curve is very tall, thin, and peaked.

Front 445

Stanine scores

Back 445

Divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean.

Front 446

Nominal scale

Back 446

The nominal scale is strictly a qualitative scale, it is the simplest type of scale. It is used to distinguish between logically separated groups. A nominal scale has no true zero point and does not indicate order. Example: A DSM or ICD category.

Front 447

Ordinal scale

Back 447

Ranks data, however the distance between each rank is not known. Example: first place, second place, third place.

Front 448

Interval scale

Back 448

Has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Example: IQ score.

Front 449

Ratio scale

Back 449

Is an interval scale with a true zero point. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division can all be conducted.

Front 450

Hawthorne Effect

Back 450

Also known as the observer effect, this is when an exceptive outcome occurs just by the presence of the experiment or the experimenter. By knowing someone is part of an experiment, they make the results come true regardless of the IV.

Front 451

The Rosenthal effect

Back 451

When an experiment effects the experimenter into making sure the results occur. This does not have to be deception but an unconscious effect.

Front 452

Counterbalancing

Back 452

Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study.

Front 453

ERIC

Back 453

Educational Resources Information Center: is a research bank of scholarly literature

Front 454

Stratified sampling

Back 454

Is best when you need to include a specific population.

Front 455

A researcher wants to run a true experiment but insists she will not use a random sample. She could accomplish this by using __________ sampling.

Back 455

systematic

Front 456

Inductive reasoning

Back 456

Goes from the specific to a generalization

Front 457

Deductive reasoning

Back 457

Reduces the general to a specific

Front 458

NBCC

Back 458

National Board for Certified Counselors

Front 459

CCMHC

Back 459

Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor

Front 460

CAREP

Back 460

Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. Founded in 1981.

Front 461

APGA

Back 461

American Personnel and Guidance Association, founded in 1952.

Front 462

Beneficence

Back 462

The counselor is working for the good of the client or the group.

Front 463

Justice

Back 463

Usually applies to group situations, means that the counselor treats all members fairly.

Front 464

Monmaleficence

Back 464

The counselor will do no harm.

Front 465

Libel

Back 465

Written defamation.

Front 466

Slander

Back 466

Verbal defamation

Front 467

In regard to state law and privileged communication, counselors must be aware that laws are

Back 467

unclear and may vary from state to state.

Front 468

Privileged Communication is not applicable in cases of:

Back 468

Child abuse, neglect, or exploitation, suicide or homicide threats, criminal intentions, clients in dire need of hospitalization, or in cases where a counselor is the victim of a malpractice lawsuit. Privileged communication does not apply to minors (their legal guardians hold the privilege) or those who are mentally incompetent.

Front 469

When counselors state that privileged communication is qualified, they actually mean that ___________.

Back 469

exceptions may exist.

Front 470

Exceptions to confidentially include:

Back 470

Child abuse Sexual abuse Child Neglect Child exploitation Client is a danger to self or others. Client requests a release of information A court orders a release of information The counselor is engaged in a systematic supervision process Clerical assistants who process client information and papers. Legal and clinical consultation situations. Client raises the issue of the counselors competence in a malpractice lawsuit The client is less than 18 years of age (If a client is a minor, a parent or guardian can demand that information be disclosed that was revealed during a session). An elderly person is abused. An insurance or managed care company requests a diagnosis and or relevant clinical information.

Front 471

APA is to psychologist as ACA is to____________.

Back 471

counselor

Front 472

Paraprofessional

Back 472

A helper who does not possess the education and experience necessary to secure professional credentials.

Front 473

Mesomorph

Back 473

Muscular type who is assertive, courageous and willing to take risks

Front 474

Ectomorph

Back 474

Slender or frail build who is sensitive and inhibited.

Front 475

Endomorph

Back 475

sort, rotund individual was included to love food, comfort, and relaxation.

Front 476

Virginia was the first state to license counselors in 1976. The APGA (later the AACD and now the ACA) division that was initially the most instrumental in pushing for licensing was the ___________________.

Back 476

American Counselor Education and Supervision.

Front 477

You must keep client records for at least ___ years after your last contact with the client

Back 477

5

Front 478

FERPA

Back 478

According to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) of 1974, also known as the Buckley Amendment, a parent can see his or her daughter’s middle school record, and an 18 year old college student can view his or her own educational record.

Front 479

CRC

Back 479

Certified Rehabilitation Counselor

Front 480

CMC

Back 480

Computer Managed Counseling. These are programs that help with your practice (schedules, etc).

Front 481

CAC

Back 481

Computer Assisted Counseling: a program that helps perform real counseling.

Front 482

Around ______ of male therapists have sexual intercourse with their clients, while _____ of female therapists have.

Back 482

5.5% / .6%

Front 483

Traditionally, __________ counseling has caused the most ethical concerns

Back 483

behavioral

Front 484

As you are reading the DSM you see this code: 296.2X. In this case, the X refers to________, and this it will be replaced with a diagnostic number.

Back 484

severity

Front 485

In the DSM the so-called ________ refer to conditions which are not attributable to a mental condition.

Back 485

V Codes

Front 486

The most popular paradigm of mental health consultation has been proposed by _____.

Back 486

Caplan

Front 487

The doctor-patient consultation model

Back 487

Relies on four distinct stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation and evaluation. In order for the doctor-patient structure to work, the counselor must accurately depict symptomatology, trust the consultant’s diagnosis and carry out the consultants’ directives. This model is associated most closely with the work of Schein.

Front 488

FL94-142

Back 488

The Education Act for All Handicapped Children, states that all children between 5 and 21 are assured free education, handicapped persons are placed in the least restrictive environment (LRE), and an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is developed for each child. This was passed in 1975.

Front 489

The major trend that impacted upon the counseling movement in the 1980’s included an emphasis on _______________________.

Back 489

professionalism, certification and licensing.

Front 490

The group movement began in the late

Back 490

1960’s

Front 491

One of the primary problems in counseling in the early 1960’s was that it wrongly emphasized ___________processes

Back 491

intrapsychic

Front 492

1958 National Defense Education Act

Back 492

It provided financial aid for graduate education in counseling, expanded school guidance services, and improved guidance for gifted children.

Front 493

AAMFT

Back 493

American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy

Front 494

IAMFC

Back 494

International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors

Front 495

Family counselors generally believe in ___________ causality

Back 495

circular/reciprocal

Front 496

Gregory Bateson

Back 496

Was interested in cybernetics, came up with causality In families.

Front 497

A family that is stable and reaches an equilibrium is in a state of ______________.

Back 497

homoeostasis

Front 498

Enmeshment

Back 498

Occurs when family members are over involved with each other and loose their autonomy.

Front 499

Nonsummativity

Back 499

Any system, including a family, is greater than the sum of its parts and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns rather than merely each other’s behavior.

Front 500

Morphostasis

Back 500

The ability of the family to balance stability

Front 501

Experimental conjoint family therapy

Back 501

Closely related to the work of Virginia Satir. The primay goal of therapy is to improve intrafamily communication. There are four basic patterns prevented good communication under stress. These defensive postures or stress positions are: placating, blaming, being overly reasonable, and being irrelevant.

Front 502

Placating

Back 502

Trying to please everyone due to fear of rejection

Front 503

Intellectualization

Back 503

The person who becomes overly reasonable.

Front 504

According to ______, the individual displaying an irrelevant style will distract the family from the problem via constantly talking about irrelevant topics.

Back 504

Satir

Front 505

Carl Whitaker

Back 505

The dean of experimental family therapy. He stated that experience, not education, changes families. Experience goes beyond consciousness. This approach is also known as experiential symbolic family therapy. His interaction with the family could best be described as joining the family and experiencing it as if he were a family member. A co therapist can provide meaningful feedback and allows the therapist to be an active participant in the therapy rather than merely a teacher. He also coined the term, Psychotherapy of the absurd, as he would sometimes create situations with his clients that were not orthodox.

Front 506

Premack principle

Back 506

To engage in a pleasant task, one must complete a unpleasant task previous to the pleasant task.

Front 507

Quid Pro Quo

Back 507

One thing for another

Front 508

Family Sculpting

Back 508

Popularized by Virginia Satir, is an experimental/expressive technique in which a family member places other family members in positions that symbolize their relationships with other members of the family. Finally, the member places him or herself. This helps the therapist understand family dynamics that might be missing from a mere discussion of family issues.

Front 509

Nathan Ackerman

Back 509

The theory of psychodynamic family counseling is primarily associated with Nathan Ackerman. Ackerman was concerned with the internal feelings and thoughts of each individual as well as the dynamics between then. Prior to Ackerman, it was considered inappropriate to include family members in analytic treatment sessions.

Front 510

In psychoanalytic family therapy, the word object means

Back 510

a significant other with whom a child wishes to bond.

Front 511

In psychoanalytic family therapy, the term interjects really means

Back 511

that the client internalizes the positive and negative characteristics of objects within themselves.

Front 512

Greek Chorus

Back 512

Devised by Peggy Papp, refers to a consultant or supervisory team that observes a session from behind a one-way mirror and sends messages to the therapist or the family. The counselor may accept or reject the notions put forth via the Greek Chorus.

Front 513

James Framo and Robin Skynner are considered ___________.

Back 513

psychoanalytic family therapists

Front 514

James Framo

Back 514

Believes that important objects (usually parents) often fuel love hate feelings in kids. The more pathological the early life experiences the more that person as an adult will make all relationships fit the internal love hate scenario from childhood.

Front 515

Robin Skynner

Back 515

Feels that kids who had poor role models as children posses protective systems. This simply means that such individuals harbor unrealistic expectations of people in current relationships carried over from childhood.

Front 516

Cloe Madanes and Jay Haley are associated with the _________ school of family counseling

Back 516

strategic

Front 517

A double bind

Back 517

Is a no win situation characterized by contradictory messages such as never smoke again and then smoke as much as you want.

Front 518

In ________ family counseling the person with the power in the family has the authority to make rules and enforce them.

Back 518

strategic

Front 519

________ therapy is pragmatic and often focuses on abating symptoms.

Back 519

strategic

Front 520

Cloe Madanes

Back 520

Insists that symptoms serve a function. A child, for example, sees that her mother is depressed. The daughter throws a glass cup to the floor to break it. This brings her mother out of the depressed state and makes her mother angry and powerful. This is known as incongruous hierarchy. In a normal family hierarchy, the mother controls the daughter; however, in this case, since the daughter is in control, the term incongruous hierarchy is evident. Haley has stated that a malfunctioning hierarchy is evident in most dysfunctional families. This strategic approach asserts that a symptom controls a situation when everything else has failed. A symptom is sometimes viewed as a metaphor for a difficulty being expressed by another family member.

Front 521

Restraining

Back 521

A therapist may warn the family or individual about the negative consequences of change. The counselor might tell the family to take it very slow or expect a relapse. Restraining helps overcome resistance by suggesting that it might be best if the family does not change.

Front 522

Positioning

Back 522

A client remarks that her depression is extremely intense. Her strategic therapist remarks, “it is very possible your depression is hopeless. It is possible you will never get over it.”. Her comment is an example of positioning. Positioning occurs when a helper accepts the client’s predicament and then exaggerates the condition.

Front 523

Cultural encapsulation

Back 523

A counselor imposing goals from his or her own culture on people from another culture.

Front 524

When working with an ________________ family the best approach would probably be Bowen’s family therapy, or Jay Haley’s strategic family therapy.

Back 524

African American

Front 525

Cohesion

Back 525

The level of emotional bonding between family members.

Front 526

Adaptability

Back 526

How rigid, structured, flexible or chaotic the family is.

Front 527

Murray Bowen

Back 527

Known for his work in intergenerational family therapy. When Bowen refers to triangulation he means when a dyad is under stress, a third person is recruited to help stabilize the difficulty between the original dyad. This could even be a child placed in the middle of a conflict.

Front 528

Differentiation

Back 528

One of the primary goals of Bowen’s intergenerational family therapy is differentiation. Differentiation is the extent that one can separate one’s intellect from one’s emotional self.

Front 529

Genogram

Back 529

Bowen popularized a three generational pictorial diagram as a therapy tool. This is known as a genogram.

Front 530

An intergenerational family therapist says she is concerned with the _____________ system. She is referring to the fact that although the current family in therapy has an emotional system, this emotional system is influenced by previous generations whether they are alive or dead.

Back 530

nuclear family emotional

Front 531

The Miracle Question

Back 531

The Miracle Question: asks the client, “suppose you woke up one day and a miracle had occurred and the problem had been solved. How would you know? What would be different? It gets the client to think beyond the problem.

Front 532

In Minuchin’s ____________ approach, clear boundaries are ideal, firm yet flexible.

Back 532

structural

Front 533

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy

Back 533

He discusses the importance of give and take fairness or relational ethics in the family. According to the notion of relational ethics a healthy family can negotiate imbalances and preserve a sense of fairness and accountability. Boszormentyi-Nagy introduced the term family legacy, which refers to expectations handed down from generation to generation. He is known for the family ledger technique. The ledger is a multigenerational balance sheet or accounting system, if you will. The ledger outlines who gave what to whom and who owes what t whom.

Front 534

Postmodernism

Back 534

Assumes that there are no fixed truths in the world, only people’s individual perceptions of what constitutes reality or the truth.

Front 535

Skeleton keys

Back 535

The term skeleton keys as used in Steve de Shazer’s brief solution focused therapy indicates a standard or stock interventions that will work for numerous problems.

Front 536

________________ therapy sometimes uses a treatment team behind a one way mirror, nevertheless it is not required.

Back 536

Brief solution oriented

Front 537

Ecosystems

Back 537

Larger systems often impact client and family functioning, such as school, church, etc.

Front 538

SCCT

Back 538

Social cognitive career theory. It states that self efficacy impacts career decisions.

Front 539

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Back 539

One of the codevelopers of the National Head Start Program. He proposed a theory of development that is an ecological systems theory that stresses the microsystem (any immediate or close relationships or organizations the child interacts with), the mesosystem (theway Microsystems work together such as family and school), the exosystem (school, church, neighborhood, parents places of employment, in essence other places the child interacts with but not as often) and the macrosystem (the largest and most remove system which includes culture, wars, the federal government and customs).

Front 540

Daniel Goleman

Back 540

Felt emotional intelligence (EQ) was more important than IQ

Front 541

The Branum effect

Back 541

A client will take results form a test and apply it to themselves no matter what the results say.

Front 542

John B. Watson

Back 542

Father of American behaviorism. Infamous for Little Albert experiment. He conditioned a phobia in an 11-month-old baby and then attempted to decondition that phobia (which he did not accomplish).

Front 543

Independent Variable

Back 543

A construct that is manipulated or controlled in some way by the professional counselor.

Front 544

Independent Variable

Back 544

A construct that is manipulated or controlled in some way by the professional counselor.

Front 545

Dependent Variable

Back 545

The outcome variable that is influenced by an independent variable.

Front 546

Confounding Variable

Back 546

A special case of extraneous variables that the experimenter has not controlled for the research design but that also affects the dependent variable -- that is, at least variables may create change at the same time.

Front 547

Null hypothesis

Back 547

A statement that "There is no relationship" between an IV and DV. It is examined via statistics and will provide information about the likelihood that the actual findings could be obtained if the null hypothesis were true.

Front 548

Alternative hypothesis

Back 548

It is developed in order to be eliminated and addresses the question "What else could be causing the results?"

Front 549

Type I error

Back 549

It occurs when a decision is made to reject the null hypothesis when that null hypothesis is in fact true.

Front 550

Type II error

Back 550

It occurs when a decision is made to retain the null hypothesis that should have been rejected because the null hypothesis is indeed false.

Front 551

Systematic sampling

Back 551

Every nth element is chosen.

Front 552

Stratified random sampling

Back 552

A population is divided into subgroups based on important characteristics and the professional counselor draws randomly from the subgroups.

Front 553

Cluster sampling

Back 553

The professional counselor identifies existing subgroups and not individual participants.

Front 554

Null hypothesis

Back 554

A statement that "There is no relationship" between an IV and DV. It is examined via statistics and will provide information about the likelihood that the actual findings could be obtained if the null hypothesis were true.

Front 555

Alternative hypothesis

Back 555

It is developed in order to be eliminated and addresses the question "What else could be causing the results?"

Front 556

Type I error

Back 556

It occurs when a decision is made to reject the null hypothesis when that null hypothesis is in fact true.

Front 557

Type II error

Back 557

It occurs when a decision is made to retain the null hypothesis that should have been rejected because the null hypothesis is indeed false.

Front 558

Systematic sampling

Back 558

Every nth element is chosen.

Front 559

Stratified random sampling

Back 559

A population is divided into subgroups based on important characteristics and the professional counselor draws randomly from the subgroups.

Front 560

Cluster sampling

Back 560

The professional counselor identifies existing subgroups and not individual participants.

Front 561

External Validity

Back 561

This refers to the ability to generalize the results of a study to a larger group.

Front 562

Power

Back 562

A term related to errors in hypothesis testing, refers to the likelihood of detecting a significant relationship between variables when one is really there.