Nc6 - I Diseases

Front 1

CBC

Back 1

Complete Blood Count - basic screening test. Measures erythrocytes, hemogloblin, hematocrit, leukocytes, and platelets in a sample of blood.
Values MedSurge Table 33-2

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Erythrocytes

Back 2

Mature red blood cells. Hemoglobin attaches to red blood cells. The primary function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen. Survive for 120 days.

Front 3

Red Blood Cell Formation

Back 3

Takes place in bone marrow, especially long bones. Formation depends on several factors including healthy bone marrow and dietary intake.

Front 4

Red Blood Cell Count (RBCs)

Back 4

M: 4.7-6.1 x 10^6
F: 4.2-5.4 x 10^6

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Hemoglobin

Back 5

Protein found in the RBCs that gives blood its characteristic red color. Hemoglobin contains iron, which carries oxygen. Delivers oxygen through circulation to body tissues and returns CO2 from tissues to lungs.

Front 6

Elevated levels of Hemoglobin

Back 6

Polycythemia. May be due to hemoconcentration secondary to dehydration.

Front 7

Hemoglobin (HgB)

Back 7

M: 13.5-17.5 g/dL
F: 11.5-15.5 g/dL

Front 8

Decreased level of Hemoglobin

Back 8

Indicator for anemia

Front 9

Hematocrit

Back 9

The % of the total blood volume that contains erythrocytes. Usually 3x the HgB.

Front 10

Low Hematocrit

Back 10

May indicate anemia or luekemia

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Elevated Hematocrit

Back 11

May indicate dehydration or polycythemia.

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Hematocrit (Hct)

Back 12

M: 40-52%
F: 36-48%

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Platelets

Back 13

Are thrombocytes. Aid in coagulation.

Front 14

Low Platelet Count

Back 14

Thrombocytopenia.
May result in bleeding.
<20,000/mm3 serious
<10,000/mm3 life-threatening

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Elevated Platelet Count

Back 15

Thrombocytosis
Occurs after a trauma, surgery, blood loss, fractures, postsplenectomy, and polycythemia vera.

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Platelets

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150,000-400,000/mm3
Total number in circulation. Average life span 7-10 days.

Front 17

Leukocytes

Back 17

WBCs
Count is reflective of the patient's ability to fight infection, defend against foreign invaders, and mediate immune response.

Front 18

White Blood Cell Count (WBCs)

Back 18

4,500-11,000/mm3

Front 19

Elevated WBC count

Back 19

Leukocytosis
May be seen with infections, inflammation. tissue trauma, and cancer.

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Decreased WBC count

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Leukopenia
May be seen with some viral infections, bone marrow depression, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and certain types of anemia.

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Neutrophils

Back 21

First line of defense against bacteria and will increase during acute infections.
Segments are mature neutrophils. Bands are immature neutrophils that multiply quickly in a serious infection.

Front 22

Neutrophils

Back 22

40-75% of WBC differential
(2,500-7,500/mm3)
> 8,000 = infection, some inflammatory response, stress, steroids, other drugs, myeloproliferative disease

Front 23

Eosinophils

Back 23

Increase in response to allergic (neutralizes histamine) and parasitic conditions. Digests foreign proteins.

Front 24

Eosinophils

Back 24

0-6% of WBC differential
(0-440/mm3)

Front 25

Increased Eosinophils

Back 25

Allergic states, medications, parasites, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), metastatic/necrotic tumors.

Front 26

Basophils

Back 26

increase during healing process.
0-2% of WBC differential
(0-200/mm3)
Contain histamine; integral part of hypersensitivity reactions. Increase very rare.

Front 27

Monocytes

Back 27

2nd line of defense against bacteria. Monocytes increase later during infections and inflammation.

Front 28

Monocytes

Back 28

1-10% of WBC differential
(100-800/mm3)
Enter tissues as macrophages; phagocytosis.

Front 29

Increased Monocytes

Back 29

Acute and chronic infection, inflammation, some myeloproliferative disorders, chronic myeolmonocytic leukemia (CMML).

Front 30

Lymphocytes

Back 30

Respond to viral and chronic infection by increasing. Integral part of immune system.

Front 31

Lymphocytes

Back 31

20-50% of WBC differential
(1,500-5,500/mm3)

Front 32

Decreased Lymphocytes

Back 32

<1,500: Lymphopenia

Front 33

Increased Lymphocytes

Back 33

>4,000; Lymphocytosis; increase in convalescent phase after bacterial or viral infection, lymphoproliferative disease.

Front 34

Rubella Titer
(German Measles)

Back 34

blood specimen that determines titer or amount of antibody present, indicating susceptibility or immunity to rubella.

Front 35

Rubella Titer

Back 35

Range of immunity >1:10.
Most states titer <1:8 is considered susceptible to rubella.

Front 36

Rapid Plasma Reagin
(RPR)

Back 36

Syphilis detection test. A blood specimen is used to detect antibodies for the causative agent of syphilis.

Front 37

Sputum for acid-fast bacilla

Back 37

An acid-fast bacilla smear (AFB) consists of a sputum specimen ot other body tissue or fluid collected to detect the causative agent of tuberculosis (Myobacterium tuberculosis). Best obtained when PT first wakes in the morning.

Front 38

Mantoux Test

Back 38

skin test for TB bacilli. Tubercle bacillus extract, a purified protein derivative, or PPD, is injected into the intradermal layer of the inner aspect of the forearm approximately six inches below the elbow using a TB syringe. 0.1 mL is injected. Test is read in 48-72 hours.

Front 39

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
(ESR)

Back 39

nonspecific test used to detect inflammatory, neoplastic, infectious, and necrotic processes. Pathologic conditions increase protein count in plasma; RBCs tend to stack up, increasing their weight and then causing them to descend faster.
Normal M: 15mm/hr, F: 20mm/hr

Front 40

Hepatitis A
(HAV)

Back 40

Radioimmunoassay may be used to detect IgM antibodies to HAV in acute phase. Antibodies appear 3-4 weeks after exposure.

Front 41

Hepatitis B
HBV)

Back 41

Radioimmunoassay may be used to detect Hep B surface antigen (HbsAg) in various stages of Hep B infection.

Front 42

Hepatitis C
(HCV)

Back 42

formerly known as non-A non-B hepatitis. Presence of the HCV antibody IgG may not be detectable for 3-6 months following onset of illness.

Front 43

Hepatitis D
(HDV)

Back 43

Transmitted parenterally. Only can be found in the presence of Hep B. Detection of Hep D antigen (HDAg) indicates acute HBV and HDV infection. When AbsAg decreases so does HDAg. Anit-HDV appears later and indicates chronic hepatitis D

Front 44

Hepatitis E
(HEV)

Back 44

antibodies to Hepatitis E (Anti-HEV) diagnose hep E infection.

Front 45

Hepatitis B
HBV)

Back 45

Radioimmunoassay may be used to detect Hep B surface antigen (HbsAg) in various stages of Hep B infection.

Front 46

Hepatitis C
(HCV)

Back 46

formerly known as non-A non-B hepatitis. Presence of the HCV antibody IgG may not be detectable for 3-6 months following onset of illness.

Front 47

Hepatitis D
(HDV)

Back 47

Transmitted parenterally. Only can be found in the presence of Hep B. Detection of Hep D antigen (HDAg) indicates acute HBV and HDV infection. When AbsAg decreases so does HDAg. Anit-HDV appears later and indicates chronic hepatitis D

Front 48

Hepatitis E
(HEV)

Back 48

antibodies to Hepatitis E (Anti-HEV) diagnose hep E infection.

Front 49

Liver Enzymes

Back 49

Hepatocellular (Liver) enzymes include alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

Front 50

Elevation of Liver Enzymes

Back 50

indicates some type of liver injury or disease. In ALL forms of hepatitis, elevated ALT and AST levels are usually present.

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Liver Biopsy

Back 51

used to evaluate and diagnose pathologic liver conditions like hepatitis. Major complication is post-procedure hemorrhage. PT should lie on right side after procedure to compress the liver. Assess for signs of bleeding such as increased pulse, decreased BP, and increased abdominal girth.

Front 52

AIDS/HIV testing

Back 52

AIDS serology is used to detect the antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Confirmation only after (1) at least two reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening test and (2) another serologic test such as a Western blot.

Front 53

HIV-1p24

Back 53

Detects antigens. Negative for HIV-1-p24 is a nonreactive test.

Front 54

Lumbar Puncture

Back 54

Performed to obtain a specimen of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. AKA spinal tap or "LP". A needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column. Used to detect metastatic neoplasms, cerebral hemorrhage, meningitis, encephalitis or other orders involving the CNS.

Front 55

Analysis of CSF

Back 55

normally clear. may show presence of blood, bacteria, or malignant cells along with quantities of glucose and protein.

Front 56

CSF abnormal cell count that shows both RBCs and WBCs are abnormal

Back 56

Indicative of infection

Front 57

X-ray

Back 57

shows the position of normal structure and displacement of and presence of abnormal shadows. May reveal pathology in the absence of symptoms such as an abscess. With contrast media like barium, provide better visualization

Front 58

Computerized Axial Tomography
(CT or CAT scan)

Back 58

A narrow x-ray beam scans the various areas of body in successive layers. May be used to define tumors and other abnormalities.

Front 59

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)

Back 59

magnetized PT tissue generates a weak electromagnetic signal, which is mapped for visualization. Provides contrast between various tissues that is more detailed than CT scan or x-ray.

Front 60

Ultrasound

Back 60

Non-invasive procedure used to visualize soft tissue structures in the body by recording the reflection of ultrasound waves directed at tissues.

Front 61

lymphadenopathy

Back 61

swollen/enlarged lymph nodes. occurs 5-7 years after initial HIV infection.

Front 62

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Back 62

nodules or blotches that may be red, purple, brown, or black, and are usually papular.
a tumor caused by Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). AIDS.

Front 63

zidovudine (AZT), dideoxyinosine (DDI) and zalcitabine (DDC)

Back 63

antiviral therapy for AIDS. These drugs work by inhibiting and decreasing viral replication.

Front 64

saquinavir and indinavir

Back 64

other antivirals for AIDS that are reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Front 65

Treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

Back 65

trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), dapsone and aerosolozed pentamidine. indicated when CD4 count is 200/mm3 or less

Front 66

Cytomegalovirus
(CMV)

Back 66

a member of the herpes family. most people become infected at some point during their lifetime.

Front 67

Petechiae

Back 67

red or purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage (broken capillary blood vessels) The most common cause of petechiae is through physical trauma such as a hard bout of coughing, vomiting or crying

Front 68

Hepatomegaly

Back 68

enlarged liver

Front 69

Splenomegaly

Back 69

enlarged spleen

Front 70

Retinitis

Back 70

inflammation of the retina (eye)

Front 71

Stomatitis

Back 71

an inflammation of the mucous lining of any of the structures in the mouth, which may involve the cheeks, gums, tongue, lips, throat, and roof or floor of the mouth.