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234 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Afterload
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the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle
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apical impulse
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(also called point of maximum impulse [PMI]): impulse normally palpated at the fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line; caused by contraction of the left ventricle
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baroreceptors
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nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for reflex control of the blood pressure
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cardiac catheterization
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an invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressures and assess patency of the coronary arteries
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cardiac conduction system
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specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for methodically generating and coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells
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cardiac output
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amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute; normal cardiac output is 5 L per minute in the resting adult heart
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cardiac stress test
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a test used to evaluate the functioning of the heart during a period of increased oxygen demand
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contractility
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ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
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depolarization
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electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of sodium into the cell while potassium exits the cell
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diastole
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period of ventricular relaxation resulting in ventricular filling
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ejection fraction
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percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
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hemodynamic monitoring
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use of monitoring devices to measure cardiovascular function
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hypertension
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blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg
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hypotension
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a decrease in blood pressure to less than 100/60 mm Hg
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international normalized ratio (INR)
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a standard method for reporting prothrombin levels, eliminating the variation in test results from laboratory to laboratory
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murmurs
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sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart
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myocardial ischemia
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condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed
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myocardium
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muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart
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normal heart sounds
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sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semilunar valves)
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postural (orthostatic) hypotension
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a significant drop in blood pressure (usually 10 mm Hg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed
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ejection fraction
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percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat
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hemodynamic monitoring
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use of monitoring devices to measure cardiovascular function
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hypertension
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blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg
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hypotension
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a decrease in blood pressure to less than 100/60 mm Hg
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international normalized ratio (INR)
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a standard method for reporting prothrombin levels, eliminating the variation in test results from laboratory to laboratory
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murmurs
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sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart
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myocardial ischemia
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condition in which heart muscle cells receive less oxygen than needed
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myocardium
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muscle layer of the heart responsible for the pumping action of the heart
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normal heart sounds
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sounds produced when the valves close; normal heart sounds are S1 (atrioventricular valves) and S2 (semilunar valves)
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postural (orthostatic) hypotension
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a significant drop in blood pressure (usually 10 mm Hg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed
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preload
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degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole
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pulmonary vascular resistance
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resistance to right ventricle ejection of blood
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radioisotopes
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unstable atoms that emit small amounts of energy in the form of gamma rays; used in cardiac nuclear medicine studies
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repolarization
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return of the cell to resting state, caused by reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exits the cell
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sinoatrial (SA) node-
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primary pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium
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stroke volume
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amount of blood ejected from the ventricle per heartbeat; normal stroke volume is 70 mL in the resting heart
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systemic vascular resistance
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resistance to left ventricle ejection
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systole
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period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and aorta
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telemetry
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the process of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring by the transmission of radiowaves from a battery-operated transmitter worn by the patient
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Venodilating agent
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medication causing dilation of veins
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spironolactone
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potassium sparing diuretic
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Sodium Na+
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135-145 mEq/L
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Potassium K+
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3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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Calcium Ca+
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4.5-5.0 mg/dL
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Magnesium Mg++
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1.3-2.5 mEq/L
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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10-20 mg/dL
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Creatinine
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0.7-1.4 mg/dL
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BUN Creatinine Ratio
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10:1-20:1
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Glucose
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60 - 110 mg/dL
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Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
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effect of heparin
The heparin dose is changed so that the PTT or APTT result is about 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal value. Normal:60–70 seconds |
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Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)
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effect of heparin
25-35 seconds The heparin dose is changed so that the PTT or aPTT result is about 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal value. |
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Prothrombin time (PT)
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effect of coumadin
10-14 seconds |
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International Normalized Ratio (INR)
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effect of coumadin
2.0 to 3.5 |
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RBC
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4.2 – 5.2 million
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WBC
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4,500-11,000 /cu mm
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Hemoglobin (hgb)
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Males: 13 – 18 gm/dL
Females: 12-16 gm/dL |
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Hematocrit (hct)
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Males: 42-52%
Females: 35-47% |
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Platelets
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150,000-450,000/cu mm
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Ablation
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purposeful destruction of heart muscle cells, usually in an attempt to control a dysrhythmia
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Antiarrhythmic
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a medication that suppresses or prevents a dysrhythmia
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Automaticity
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ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse
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Cardioversion
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electrical current administered in synchrony with the patient's own QRS complex to stop a dysrhythmia
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Chronotropy
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rate of impulse formation
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Conduction
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transmission of electrical impulses from one cell to another
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Defibrillation
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electrical current administered to stop a dysrhythmia, not synchronized with the patient's QRS complex
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Depolarization
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process by which cardiac muscle cells change from a more negatively charged to a more positively charged intracellular state
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Dromotropy
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conduction velocity
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Dysrhythmia
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(also referred to as arrhythmia)-disorder of the formation or conduction (or both) of the electrical impulse within the heart, altering the heart rate, heart rhythm, or both and potentially causing altered blood flow
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Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)-
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a device implanted into the chest to treat dysrhythmias
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Inhibited
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in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the pacemaker withholding an impulse (not firing)
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Inotropy
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force of myocardial contraction
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P wave
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the part of an electrocardiogram (ECG) that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the atrium; atrial depolarization
if absent impulse originates somewhere else than SA node ATRIAL electrical activity |
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Paroxysmal
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a dysrhythmia that has a sudden onset and/or termination and is usually of short duration
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PP interval
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the duration between the beginning of one P wave and the beginning of the next P wave; used to calculate atrial rate and rhythm
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PR interval
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the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse from the sinoatrial (SA) node through the atrioventricular (AV) node
This time delay before contraction allows the atria to contract (atrial kick) and fill the ventricles. |
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Proarrhythmic
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an agent (eg, a medication) that causes or exacerbates a dysrhythmia
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QRS complex
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the part of an ECG that reflects conduction of an electrical impulse through the ventricles; ventricular depolarization
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QT interval
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the part of an ECG that reflects the time from ventricular depolarization through repolarization
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Repolarization
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process by which cardiac muscle cells return to a more negatively charged intracellular condition, their resting state
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Sinus rhythm
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electrical activity of the heart initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node
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ST segment
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the part of an ECG that reflects the end of the QRS complex to the beginning of the T wave
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Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)-
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a rhythm that originates in the conduction system above the ventricles
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TP interval
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the part of an ECG that reflects repolarization of the ventricles
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T wave
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the part of an ECG that reflects repolarization of the ventricles
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Triggered
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in reference to pacemakers, term used to describe the release of an impulse in response to some stimulus
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U wave
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the part of an ECG that may reflect Purkinje fiber repolarization; usually it is not seen unless a patient's serum potassium level is low
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Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
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a rhythm that originates in the ventricles
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acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
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signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
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angina pectoris
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chest pain brought about by myocardial ischemia
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angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
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medications that inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme
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atherosclerosis
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abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen
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atheroma
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fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and that protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque
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contractility
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ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
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coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
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a surgical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted onto the occluded coronary artery below the occlusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage
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creatine kinase (CK)
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an enzyme found in human tissues; one of the three types of CK is specific to heart muscle and may be used as an indicator of heart muscle injury
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high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
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a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of protein to lipid than low-density lipoprotein; exerts a beneficial effect on the arterial wall
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ischemia
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insufficient tissue oxygenation
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low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
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a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of protein to lipid than high-density lipoprotein; exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall
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metabolic syndrome
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a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
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myocardial infarction (MI)
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death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow; if acute, abbreviated as AMI
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percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
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an invasive procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods is employed to remove or reduce a blockage within the artery
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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a type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery blood flow
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primary prevention
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interventions taken to prevent the development of coronary artery disease
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secondary prevention
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interventions taken to prevent the advancement of existing coronary artery disease
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stent
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a woven mesh that provides structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure
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sudden cardiac death
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immediate cessation of effective heart activity
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thrombolytic
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an agent or process that breaks down blood clots
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troponin
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myocardial protein; measurement is used to assess heart muscle injury
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allograft
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heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym: homograft)
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annuloplasty
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repair of a cardiac valve's outer ring
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aortic valve
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semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
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autograft
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heart valve replacement made from the patient's own heart valve (eg, the pulmonic valve is excised and used as an aortic valve)
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cardiomyopathy
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disease of the heart muscle
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chordoplasty
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repair of the stringy, tendinous fibers that connect the free edges of the atrioventricular valve leaflets to the papillary muscles
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commissurotomy
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splitting or separating fused cardiac valve leaflets
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heterograft
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heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: xenograft)
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homograft
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heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym: allograft)
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leaflet repair
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repair of a cardiac valve's movable “flaps” (leaflets)
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mitral valve
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atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle
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orthotopic transplantation
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the recipient's heart is removed, and a donor heart is grafted into the same site; the patient has one heart
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prolapse (of a valve)
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stretching of an atrioventricular heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole
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pulmonic valve
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semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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regurgitation
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backward flow of blood through a heart valve
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stenosis
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narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve's orifice
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total artificial heart
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mechanical device used to aid a failing heart, assisting the right and left ventricles
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tricuspid valve
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atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle
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valve replacement
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insertion of a device at the site of a malfunctioning heart valve to restore blood flow in one direction through the heart
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valvuloplasty
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repair of a stenosed or regurgitant cardiac valve by commissurotomy, annuloplasty, leaflet repair, or chordoplasty (or a combination of procedures)
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ventricular assist device
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mechanical device used to aid a failing right or left ventricle
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xenograft
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heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: heterograft)
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anuria
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urine output of less than 50 mL per 24 hours
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ascites
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an accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity
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cardiac output (CO)
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the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute
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cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
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a treatment for heart failure in which a device paces both ventricles to synchronize contractions
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compliance
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the elasticity or amount of “give” when blood enters the ventricle
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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a fluid overload condition (congestion) associated with heart failure
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contractility
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the force of ventricular contraction; related to the number and state of myocardial cells
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diastolic heart failure
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the inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to fill; current term used to describe a type of heart failure
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dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
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shortness of breath that occurs with exertion
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ejection fraction (EF)
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percentage of blood volume in the ventricles at the end of diastole that is ejected during systole; a measurement of contractility
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heart failure (HF)
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the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for oxygen and nutrients; signs and symptoms of pulmonary and systemic congestion may or may not be present
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
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a device implanted in patients with ventricular dysrhythmias that detects and treats dysrhythmias
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left-sided heart failure (left ventricular failure)
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inability of the left ventricle to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues
for oxygen and nutrients; traditional term used to describe patient's symptoms of heart failure fluid in lungs |
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oliguria
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diminished urine output; less than 400 mL per 24 hours
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orthopnea
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shortness of breath when lying flat
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paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
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shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep
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Which of the following waveforms on the ECG is indicative of ventricular repolarization?
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T wave
Rationale: The T wave represents ventricular repolarization (when the cells regain a negative charge; also called the resting state). |
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Which of the following waveforms on the ECG is indicative of atrial depolarization?
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P wave
Rationale: The P wave represents the electrical impulse starting in the sinus node and spreading through the atria. It is normally 2.5 mm or less in height and 0.11 seconds or less in duration. |
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All of the following are characteristics of sinus bradycardia except:
a. PR interval between .12 and .20 seconds b. Atrial rate greater than 100 c. Regular rhythm d. Normal QRS |
Atrial rate greater than 100
Rationale: In sinus bradycardia, the ventricular and atrial rates are less than 60 in the adult. |
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Which of the following is a possible cause of loss of capture in a pacemaker?
a. Output too high b. Battery depletion c .Disconnected wires d. Septal perforation |
Battery depletion
Rationale: Possible causes of loss of capture in a pacemaker include inadequate stimulus, catheter malposition, battery depletion, and electronic insulation break. |
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Defibrillation is the treatment of choice for which of the following cardiac rhythms?
a. Pulseless ventricular tachycardia b. Sinus bradycardia c. A-flutter d. Sinus tachycardia |
Pulseless ventricular tachycardia
Rationale: Defibrillation is used in emergency situations as the treatment of choice for ventricular fibrillation and pulseless VT, the most common cause of abrupt loss of cardiac function and sudden cardiac death. |
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acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
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signs and symptoms that indicate unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction
|
|
|
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
|
medications that inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme
|
|
|
atherosclerosis
|
abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen
|
|
|
atheroma
|
fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and that protrudes into the lumen of the vessel, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow; also called plaque
|
|
|
contractility
|
ability of the cardiac muscle to shorten in response to an electrical impulse
|
|
|
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
|
a surgical procedure in which a blood vessel from another part of the body is grafted onto the occluded coronary artery below the occlusion in such a way that blood flow bypasses the blockage
|
|
|
creatine kinase (CK)
|
an enzyme found in human tissues; one of the three types of CK is specific to heart muscle and may be used as an indicator of heart muscle injury
|
|
|
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
|
a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of a higher proportion of protein to lipid than low-density lipoprotein; exerts a beneficial effect on the arterial wall
|
|
|
ischemia
|
insufficient tissue oxygenation
|
|
|
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
|
a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of protein to lipid than high-density lipoprotein; exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall
|
|
|
metabolic syndrome
|
a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
|
|
|
myocardial infarction (MI)
|
death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow; if acute, abbreviated as AMI
|
|
|
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
|
an invasive procedure in which a catheter is placed in a coronary artery, and one of several methods is employed to remove or reduce a blockage within the artery
|
|
|
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
|
a type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break an atheroma and open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery blood flow
|
|
|
primary prevention
|
interventions taken to prevent the development of coronary artery disease
|
|
|
secondary prevention
|
interventions taken to prevent the advancement of existing coronary artery disease
|
|
|
stent
|
a woven mesh that provides structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure
|
|
|
sudden cardiac death
|
immediate cessation of effective heart activity
|
|
|
thrombolytic
|
an agent or process that breaks down blood clots
|
|
|
troponin
|
myocardial protein; measurement is used to assess heart muscle injury
|
|
|
allograft
|
heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym: homograft)
|
|
|
annuloplasty
|
repair of a cardiac valve's outer ring
|
|
|
aortic valve
|
semilunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta
|
|
|
autograft
|
heart valve replacement made from the patient's own heart valve (eg, the pulmonic valve is excised and used as an aortic valve)
|
|
|
cardiomyopathy
|
disease of the heart muscle
|
|
|
chordoplasty
|
repair of the stringy, tendinous fibers that connect the free edges of the atrioventricular valve leaflets to the papillary muscles
|
|
|
commissurotomy
|
splitting or separating fused cardiac valve leaflets
|
|
|
heterograft
|
heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: xenograft)
|
|
|
homograft
|
heart valve replacement made from a human heart valve (synonym: allograft)
|
|
|
leaflet repair
|
repair of a cardiac valve's movable “flaps” (leaflets)
|
|
|
mitral valve
|
atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle
|
|
|
orthotopic transplantation
|
the recipient's heart is removed, and a donor heart is grafted into the same site; the patient has one heart
|
|
|
prolapse (of a valve)
|
stretching of an atrioventricular heart valve leaflet into the atrium during systole
|
|
|
pulmonic valve
|
semilunar valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
|
|
|
regurgitation
|
backward flow of blood through a heart valve
|
|
|
stenosis
|
narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve's orifice
|
|
|
total artificial heart
|
mechanical device used to aid a failing heart, assisting the right and left ventricles
|
|
|
tricuspid valve
|
atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle
|
|
|
valve replacement
|
insertion of a device at the site of a malfunctioning heart valve to restore blood flow in one direction through the heart
|
|
|
valvuloplasty
|
repair of a stenosed or regurgitant cardiac valve by commissurotomy, annuloplasty, leaflet repair, or chordoplasty (or a combination of procedures)
|
|
|
ventricular assist device
|
mechanical device used to aid a failing right or left ventricle
|
|
|
xenograft
|
heart valve replacement made of tissue from an animal heart valve (synonym: heterograft)
|
|
|
risk factors for primary HTN
|
obesity, stress, high intake of sodium or saturated fat, family hx
|
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risk factors for secondary HTN
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diabetes mellitus, head injury, hormonal contraceptives
|
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compare intra-arterial & cuff blood pressure readings
|
Intra arterial readings s/b at least 10 mmHg higher than cuff readings
|
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ECG strip - cardiac tamponade
|
suppresses the amplitude of the QRS reflex on an ECG
|
|
|
arterial baroreceptors are found
|
carotid sinus, aorta & right ventricular wall
|
|
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Heparin is counteracted by:
|
protamine sulfate
|
|
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
|
shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep
|
|
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Pericardiocentesis
|
procedure that involves aspiration of fluid from the pericardial sac
|
|
|
Pericardiotomy
|
surgically created opening of the pericardium
|
|
|
Preload
|
the amount of myocardial stretch just before systole caused by the volume of blood presented to the ventricle
|
|
|
Pulmonary edema
|
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or in the alveoli of the lungs
|
|
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Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
|
condition in which electrical activity is present but there is not an adequate pulse or blood pressure because of ineffective cardiac contraction or circulating blood volume
|
|
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Pulsus paradoxus
|
systolic blood pressure of more than 10 mm Hg higher during exhalation than during inspiration; difference is normally less than 10 mm Hg
|
|
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Right-sided heart failure (right ventricular failure)
|
inability of the right ventricle to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to the pulmonary circulation
|
|
|
Stroke volume (SV)
|
amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction
|
|
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Systolic heart failure
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inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to contract; current term used to describe a type of heart failure
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
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shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep
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Pericardiocentesis
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procedure that involves aspiration of fluid from the pericardial sac
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Pericardiotomy
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surgically created opening of the pericardium
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Preload
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the amount of myocardial stretch just before systole caused by the volume of blood presented to the ventricle
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Pulmonary edema
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or in the alveoli of the lungs
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Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
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condition in which electrical activity is present but there is not an adequate pulse or blood pressure because of ineffective cardiac contraction or circulating blood volume
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Pulsus paradoxus
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systolic blood pressure of more than 10 mm Hg higher during exhalation than during inspiration; difference is normally less than 10 mm Hg
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Right-sided heart failure (right ventricular failure)
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inability of the right ventricle to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to the pulmonary circulation
swelling & edema |
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Stroke volume (SV)
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amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction
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Systolic heart failure
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inability of the heart to pump sufficiently because of an alteration in the ability of the heart to contract; current term used to describe a type of heart failure
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Normal rhythm or sinus rhythm
ECG |
regular rhythm
P waves before QRS atrial rate 60-100 PR interval 0.12-0.20 sec QRS width < 0.12 ventricular rate 60-100 |
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Sinus bradycardia
ECG |
regular or slightly irregular rhythm
P waves before QRS atrial rate < 60 PR interval 0.12-0.20 sec QRS width < 0.12 ventricular rate < 60 |
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Sinus tachycardia
ECG |
regular rhythm
P waves before QRS, can be on top of T waves atrial rate 100-150 PR interval 0.12-0.20 sec QRS width < 0.12 ventricular rate 100-150 |
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Sinus arrhythmia
ECG |
rate faster with inspiration, slower with expiration
irregular rhythm P waves before QRS atrial rate bradycardia or normal sinus PR interval 0.12-0.20 sec QRS width < 0.12 ventricular rate bradycardia or normal sinus |
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Sinus arrest (sinus pause)
ECG |
Problem with SA node, pause where no waves occur
irregular rhythm P waves before QRS atrial rate usually bradycardia PR interval 0.12-0.20 sec QRS width < 0.12 ventricular rate usually normal sinus |
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Premature atrial Contraction (PAC)
ECG |
Beat originates in atria, not in sinus node
Irregular rhytm P waves early beat, looks different |
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Atrial tachycardia
ECG |
P waves may be on top of T waves
regular rhythm P waves uniform shape (called supravetricular tachycardia if P waves arent visible) atrial rate 150-250 Ventricular rate depends on AV conduction ratio |
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Atrial flutter
ECG |
regular rhythm
P waves flutter wave atrial rate 250-350 PR interval hard to measure QRS width < 0.12 ventricular rate depends on AV conducgion ation |
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Atrial fibrillation
ECG |
irregular rhythm
P waves coarse or fine fibrillating waves atrial rate >350 PR interval none QRS width < 0.12 ventricular rate varies, <100 controlled ventricular response |
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Idioventricular rhythm (IVR)
ECG |
Lethal, pacemaker cells in the ventricles start the rhythm
regular rhythm P waves none atrial rate cant be determined PR interval none QRS width >0.12 ventricular rate 20-40 |
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Ventricular tachycardia (VT)
ECG |
Lethal
regular rhyth p waves none atrial rate none PR interval none QRS width >0.12 ventricular rate 100 - 170 if 150 - 300 = ventricular flutter |
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Vetricular fibrillation (VF)
ECG |
lethal
irregular, chaotic rhythm P waves none atrial rate cant be determined PR interval none QRS width coarse or fine fibrillating waves ventricular rate cant be determined |
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Lovenox
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low molecular wt heparin
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factors that affect CO
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blood volume (inc vol = inc preload)(dec vol = dec preload)
tachycardia or bradycardia changes in BP (inc afterload inc BP, dec afterload dec BP) dec left ventricular functon |
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beta blockers
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cardioselective metroprolol (Toprol), Lopressor) block beta 1 receptors in heart block sympathetic stimulation to heart, reduce HR, contractility, & stroke volume
used to tx HTN, HF, angina & prevent or tx MI noncardioselective (propranolol, block both beta 1 in heart & beta 2 receptors in lungs tx HTN, angina, arrhythmias reduce HR, slow conduction of impulse thru heart, dec BP, reduce contractility, reduce myocardial O2 consumption |
