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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brachial Arch 1
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- arches = mesoderm + neural crest
- Meckel's cartilage: Mandible, Malleus, incus, spheno-Mandibular ligament - Muscles: Muscles of Mastication (temporalis Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids), Mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veil palatini, anterior 2/3 tongue - CN V2 & 3 (Mandibular & Maxillary) |
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Treacher Collins syndrome
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- failure brachial arch 1
- mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities |
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Allopurinol
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- chronic gout
- inhibits xanthine oxidase: decreased conversion xanthine to uric acid - prevents tumor lysis syndrome - increased concentrations azathioprine and 6-MP |
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Probenecid
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- chronic gout
- inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PT - inhibits secretion of penecillin |
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Mannitol
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- osmotic diuretic --> decreased water absoprtion --> serum increased osmolarity --> ADH increase in response to increased serum osmolarity
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Naloxone
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- opioid antagonist --> treats heroine OD
- short t1/2, acute --> increased duration with buprenorphine - naltrexone = longer t1/2, used longterm |
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Treatment: Strep Pyogenes
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- Penecillin
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Thyroglossal duct cyst
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- midline, moves with swallowing
- foramen cecum (tongue) = normal remnant of thyroglossal duct |
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Noroepinephrine
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alpha 1, alpha 2 > beta 1
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alpha 2
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- decreases sympathetic outflow
- decreases insulin release |
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Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
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- must get referral from PCP (primary care physician)
- can only see HMO doctors - low cost preventative care - lowest out-of-pocket costs for patients |
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Effects of inhaled anasthetics
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- myocardial depression
- respiratory depression: decreases VA (alveolar ventilation) --> increase PaCO2 (arteriolar), b/c can't get rid of CO2 - nausea/emesis - increased cerebral blood flow (decreased cerebral metabolic demand) |
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G-CSF vs. GM-CSF
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G-CSF = stimulates granulocyte production (e.g neutrophils, eosonophils, basophils)
GM-CSF = granulocytes + monocytes (macrophages) |
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Sargramostim
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- GM-CSF
- treats BM suppression - 1st dose effect = flushing, myalgias, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, hypotension |
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Which tumors can cause polycythemia? (increased Epo)
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- renal cell carcinoma
- hemangioblastoma - both associated with von hippel lindau |
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Where is the pathology in minimal change disease?
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- foot process effacement: podocytes line bowman's space --> glomerular capillary loops
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Endometrioma
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- "chocolate cyst"
- blood containing, from endometriosis, varies with menstrual cycle |
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Struma ovarii
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- teratoma that contains functional thyroid tissue --> hyperthyroidism
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Occlusion of the vena cava above the renal vein --> which veins have increased pressure?
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- systemic veins below the occlusion b/c venous blood travels from bottom to top, towards heart; e.g external iliac
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Are the IMV and SMV part of the portal or caval system?
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- portal
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Food poisoning: meats, mayonnaise, custard
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- Staph Aureus
- preformed toxin (starts quickly and ends quickly) - |
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Crohn's: morphology
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- cobblestone mucosa
- creeping fat - bowel wall thickening - "string sign" - linear ulcers, fissures, fistulas - transmural |
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UC: morphology
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- friable mucosal pseudopolyps with freely hanging mesentery
- loss of haustra --> lead pipe - mucosal and submucosal |
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6 y/o girl dark urine, periorbital edema, 3 day duration, mild hypertension, ankle swelling, RBCs & RBC casts in urine --> disease? location of pathology?
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Acute Post-strep glomerulonephritis:
- hematuria = nephritic - children, peripheral & peri-orbital edema - sub-epithelial immune complexes, "lumpy bumpy" --> Bowman's space, e.g glomerular disease process |
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Healthy subject infused with 2L isotonic saline, no excretion -- change in EC volume?
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- 2L, isotonic doesn't go anywhere
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Where is the AV node?
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- bottom of the RA: interatrial septum near the border of the septal cuspe of the tricuspid valve
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Where is the SA node?
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- RA near the SVC
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What are the seminal vesicles?
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- secrete the non-sperm part of semen
- alkaline --> so sperm can survive in acidic vagina |
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What is the striatum?
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- Caudate + Putamen
- Caudate = damaged in huntingtons |
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Where is the damage in hemiballismus?
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- contralateral subthalamic nucleus (ex. lacunar stroke) --> loss of inhibition of thalamus via globus pallidus
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Crescent shaped hemorrhage (crosses suture lines)
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- Subdural hematoma
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Football shaped hemorrhage (does not cross suture lines)
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- Epidural hematoma
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Meningitis -- Infants
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- Group B Strep (gram +)
- E. Coli (gram -) - Listeria (gram +) |
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What landmark should you look for to identify the PCL on imaging?
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- PCL attaches posteriorly to the tibia
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What landmark should you look for to identify the ACL on imaging?
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- ACL attaches anteriorly to the tibia
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Merkel's discs
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- large myelinated fibers
- located in hair follicles - position sense, static touch (shapes, edges, textures) - adapt slowly |
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Protein hormone synthesized in the liver in response to decreased platelets, where is the receptor?
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- megakaryocyte cell membrane --> makes more platelets
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What is the difference between a cohort study and a controlled trial?
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- both are prospective
- controlled trial people are assigned to groups, e.g one group given fish oil, one olive oil - cohort just observe habits, what group has exposure what group doesn't --> don't control variables |
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Patient has pulmonary embolism from DVT -- what collaterals prevent ischemia?
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- bronchial arteries: come from left side of heart with oxygenated blood
(pulmonary arteries come from right side, deoxy, veins would not help) |
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MC Nerve
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- injury = upper trunk compression
- motor deficit = biceps, brachialis, coracobrachialis --> flexion of arm at elbow - sensory deficit = lateral forearm |
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Why do infants have positive babinski?
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- corticospinal tract in the spinal cord is not fully myelinated --> reflex is not inhibited by the cerebral cortex
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How is most of the carbon dioxide in the blood carried?
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- bicarbonate, heme only carries insignificant amount
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Incidence of a AR genetic disease is 1/2500, what is the carrier frequency?
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- if both parents are carriers --> 1/4 chance child will have disease --> 2500/4 = 625 --> square root --> 1/25
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Why do alcoholics get hypoglycemia?
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- alcohol metabolism --> increased NADH --> shunts pyruvate to lactate --> lactic acidosis
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Meal --> vagus N --> Ach --> parietal cells --> HCl
What second messenger pathway? |
M3 receptor --> Gq
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What are the Gq coupled receptors?
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H1, alpha 1, V1, M1, M3
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