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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what is the resting potential of a neuron
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-60 to -70mV
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Is K+ in the highest conc. inside or outside of the cell?
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inside
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hemolysis causes increase in potassium levels
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what is hyperpolarization?
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membrane becomes more negative than at its resting state (this occurs after the neuron has fired?
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what is a synapse?
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physical meeting points between cells
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what is the space between neurons called?
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synaptic cleft
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what is the most widely distributed inhibitory transmitter
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GABA
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what is the inhibitory neurotransmittor found in the brainstem, spinal cord and retina
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glycine
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always makes up 1/3 of collagen
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what are the 2 cholinergic receptors?
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nicotinic
muscarinic |
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where are cholinergic nicotinic receptors found
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skeletal m.
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what does curare block
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nicotinic receptors
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where are cholinergic muscarinic receptors found
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smooth muscle
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what are 2 examples of adrenergic neurotransmitters
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epinephrine
serotonin |
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are adrenergic neurotransmitters found in the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system?
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sympathetic
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what usually terminates the action of a neurotransmitter
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reuptake
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what are the two types of synapses?
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chemical synapse
electrical synapse |
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what type of synapse has the fastest transmission
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electrical synapse
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what are the 3 embryonic layers?
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ectoderm (outer layer)
mesoderm (middle layer) endoderm (inner layer) |
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which embryonic layer gives rise to the CNS
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ectoderm
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what does mesoderm form
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muscle
notochord mesenchyme |
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*which embryonic layer has no contribution to ocular structures
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* endoderm
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ventral signals from the neural tube differentiate into what type of cells
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motor cells
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chemical signals from the dorsal side of the neural tube differentiate into what type of cells?
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sensory cells
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where are chromafin cells located
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adrenal medulla
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what ocular structures do neural crest cells give rise to?
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parts of the cornea and vitreous
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another term for the diencephalon is?
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optic cup
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formation of the retina forms from an outpocketing of what part of the neural tube?
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diencephalon
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what attaches the lateral ventricle and 3rd ventricle
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interventricular foramina
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what passageway connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
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sylvian (cerebral) aqueduct
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what differentiates an UMN (upper motor neuron)from a LMN (lower motor neuron)
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LMN axons are mainly in the PNS (peripheral nerv. sys.)
UMN axons are entirely in the CNS both have cell bodies which are in the CNS |
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which cervical nerves innervate the neck
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C1-4
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Which cervical nerves innervate upper extremities
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C5-8
(T1-12 also innervate upper extremities) |
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How many Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbral and Sacral vertebrae are there
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Cervical 8
Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral 5 |
"work 8-5 take a break at 12 and start over @ 5"
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What do T1-T12 innervate
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upper extremities
(C5-8 also innervate upper extremities) |
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What do L1-4 innervate
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thigh
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what do L4-5 innervate
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thigh, leg & foot
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what do S1-S3 innervate
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thigh, leg & foot
(same as L4-5) |
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What do S2-4 innervate
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pelvis
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Where is the EW nucleus located
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upper midbrain
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Which EOMs would not be affected by an EW lesion?
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SO (innervated by CN4 in the inferior colliculus)
LR (located in the pons) |
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Which CN is located in the inferior colliculus of the midbrain
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CN 4
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which part of the midbrain proved the parasympathetic innervation of the iris
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EW nucleus
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which CNs are located in the pons
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CN 5-8
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which part of the brainstem controls respiration and sleep
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pons
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which part of the midbrain contains the pyramids and medial lemniscus
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medulla
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what makes up the forebrain
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diencephalon and cerebral hemispheres
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what makes up the diencephalon
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epithalamus
thalamus subthalamus hyothalamus |
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what makes p the epithalamus
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pineal gland
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what is the fxn of the thalamus
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relays sensory inpt to cortex and incldes nuclei for voluntary motor movements
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what is the fxn of the subthalamus
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comm. with the basal ganglia to help control m. movement
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what part of the brain regulated body temp. eating, and bleep behavior
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hypothalamus
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what part of the brain is involved in fine motor mov't, posture, and balance
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cerebellum
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what is the fxn of the pyramidal motor pathway
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voluntary mov'ts
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what forms the internal capsl of the forebrain
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pyramidal motor axons
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lesion above the medulla will have ipsilateral or contralateral motor effects
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contralatal
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pyramidal fibers decussate @ the lower medulla
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where in the occipital lobe is the visual cortex located
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calcarine fissure
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the lateral LGN consist of fibers from which part of the VF (vis. field)
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upper VF
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the medial LGN consist of fibers from which part of the VF
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lower VF
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fibers from the upper (sup.) VF are located in what part of the LGN
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lateral LGN
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fibers from the inferior VF are located in what part of the LGN
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medial LGN
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where is meyer's loop located?
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temporal lobe
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meyer's loop carries info. from what part of the VF
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superior VF
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which part of the brain receives the densest portion of info. for the central VF
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visual cortex located in the occipital lobe
(striate cortex) (Area 17) |
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where is the first place along the visual pathway where we see binocular cells
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V1
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