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Front 1

Which of the following structures leave each indlvlduallymph node at the hilus?

Back 1

Efferent vessels

Front 2

All of the following statements concerning the lymphatic system are true EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION!

Back 2

Just like the circulatory system, the lymphatic system has a central 'heart-like' organ to pump lymph throughout the lymph vessels

Front 3

Which of the foUowing develops immature T cells into immunocompetent T cells?

Back 3

Thymus

Front 4

Wbich of the following lymph node groups extend from tbe base of the skull to the root of the neck?

Back 4

Deep cervical lymph nodes

Front 5

When antigen recognition occurs by a lymphocyte, B ceDs are activated and migrate to which area of the lymph node?

Back 5

Germinal Centers

Front 6

The most prominent functional component in the tunica media of large arteries is the:

Back 6

Elastic Fibers

Front 7

The most prominent functional component in the tunica media of small arteries is the:

Back 7

smooth muscle cells.

Front 8

innermost layer of blood vessels, consists of a layer of simple squamous epitheliwn (called endothelium) and a thin connective-tissue basement membrane. The endothelium of this layer is the only layer present in vessels of all sizes.

Back 8

Tunica intima

Front 9

middle layer of blood vessels, is usually very thick in arteries, and consists of smooth muscle fibers mixed with elastic fibers. Increases or decreases lumen diameter

Back 9

affects blood pressure.

Front 10

outer layer od blood vessels an outer layer of connective tissue, containing elastic and collagenous fibers.

Back 10

Tunica adventitia

Front 11

The tunica adventitia of the larger vessels is infiltrated with a system of tiny blood vessels called

Back 11

vasa vasorum ("vessels ofthe vessels ") that nourish the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall.

Front 12

No tunica media or adventitia is present in which type of blood vessel that exchanges substances via diffusion?

Back 12

capillaries

Front 13

Through capillary walls, which consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, blood and tissue cells exchange

Back 13

gases and metabolites.

Front 14

____ are tiny blood vessels with extremely thin walls that consist of endothelium only

Back 14

no tunica media or adventitia is present. They join arterioles and venules. These blood vessels accommodate erythrocytes one at a time.

Front 15

In certain structures (liver. spleen, bone marrow, and certain glands), the arterioles, rather than connecting with capillaries, empty into blood vessels called

Back 15

sinusoids

Front 16

They have very, very thin walls that conform to the space in which they are located (form irregular tortuous tubes).

Back 16

sinusoids

Front 17

The velocity of blood flow is _____ in capillaries.

Back 17

slowest

Front 18

A decrease in vessel diameter causes an ______ in resistance to blood flow.

Back 18

increase

Front 19

Which artery supplies the liver with oxygenated blood?

Back 19

Hepatic artery

Front 20

The hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood to the liver, while the ______ brings food-laden blood from the abdominal viscera.

Back 20

hepatic portal vein

Front 21

What is formed by the union of superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

Back 21

The hepatic portal vein

Front 22

All the blood supplied to the liver from the hepatic arteries and the portal vein eventually drains via the hepatic veins to the

Back 22

inferior vena cava.

Front 23

The most unusual aspect of hepatic circulation is that all the blood supplied to the liver from the hepatic arteries and the portal vein empties into the same

Back 23

sinusoids

Front 24

The greatest drop in blood pressure is seen at the transition from:

Back 24

Arteries to Arterioles

Front 25

Which of the following salivary glands does the facial artery supply?

Back 25

submandibular

Front 26

What supplies blood to the face, tonsils, palate, labial glands, and muscles of the lips.

Back 26

Facial artery

Front 27

What also supplies the submandibular gland, the ala and dorsum of the nose, and the muscles of facial expression.

Back 27

Facial artery

Front 28

The facial artery originates in the

Back 28

external carotid artery

Front 29

The two terminal branches of the external carotid artery are

Back 29

the superficial temporal artery and the maxillary artery.

Front 30

Cervical Branches of the facial artery

Back 30

tonsillar, ascending palatine, glandular, submental

Front 31

Facial Branches of the facial artery

Back 31

inferior labial, superior labial, lateral nasal, angular

Front 32

Which artery does not accompany the corresponding nerve throughout its course?

Back 32

lingual artery

Front 33

What artery arises from the anterior surface of the external carotid artery, opposite the tip of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone.

Back 33

The lingual artery

Front 34

what loops upward and then passes deep to the posterior border of the hyoglossus muscle to enter the submandibular region.

Back 34

The lingual artery

Front 35

The lingual artery loop is crossed superficially by the

Back 35

hypoglossal nerve.

Front 36

What loop supplies blood to the tongue, suprahyoid region, sublingual gland, palatine tonsils, and floor of the mouth.

Back 36

lingual artery loop

Front 37

In the oral region, the lingual artery usually is found between

Back 37

the hyoglossus and genioglossus muscles.

Front 38

Branches of the lingual artery include

Back 38

the suprahyoid, dorsal lingual, sublingual, and deep lingual branches.

Front 39

(pterygomandibular space).

Back 39

The inferior alveolar vein, artery, and nerve along with the lingual nerve

Front 40

The injection site for the inferior alveolar nerve block is probed with a cotton tip applicator at the depth of the

Back 40

pterygomandibular space on the medial surface of the ramus.

Front 41

In the ER, a car-accident victim who hit his face on the steering wheel arrives bleeding profusely from the mouth and nose. Upon examination, the physician discovers that along with avulsed teeth, his hard palate is fractured and the incisive foramen is obliterated. Which artery emerges from the incisive foramen?

Back 41

nasopalatine artery.

Front 42

In the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary artery gives rise to

Back 42

descending palatine artery,

Front 43

the descending palatine artery, which travels to the palate through the pterygopalatine canal, which then terminates in both the

Back 43

greater palatine artery and lesser palatine artery by way of the greater and lesser palatine fonnamina to supply the hard and soft palates, respectively.

Front 44

The maxillary artery ends by becoming the

Back 44

sphenopalatine artery,

Front 45

What artery which supplies the nasal cavity.

Back 45

sphenopalatine artery,

Front 46

The sphenopalatine artery gives rise to the

Back 46

posterior lateral nasal branches and septal branches, including a nasopalatine branch

Front 47

What supplies the mucosa of the hard palate posterior to the maxillary canine.

Back 47

The greater palatine artery

Front 48

What supplies the mucosa of the hard palate anterior to the maxillary canine.

Back 48

nasopalatine artery.

Front 49

The soft palate and tonsils are supplied by the

Back 49

lesser palatine artery.

Front 50

Examination of a patient with an ulcerative carcinoma of the posterior third of the tongue revealed bleeding from the lesion and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). The bleeding was seen to be arterial

Back 50

which of the following arteries was involved?

Front 51

What runs on the superficial surface ofthe tongue --it is a branch ofthe lingual artery that delivers blood to the posterior superficial tongue.

Back 51

dorsal lingual artery

Front 52

The tongue is supplied by the

Back 52

the lingual artery. the tonsillar branch of the facial artery. and the ascending pharyngeal artery.

Front 53

The lingual artery arises from the

Back 53

external carotid artery at the level of the tip of the greater horn of the hyoid bone in the carotid triangle.

Front 54

Branches of lingual artery

Back 54

dorsal lingual, suprahyoid, sublingual ,deep lingual

Front 55

supplies the base and body of the tongue (posterior superficial tongue)

Back 55

dorsal lingual artery

Front 56

supplies the suprahyoid muscles

Back 56

suprahyoid artery

Front 57

supplies the mylohyoid muscle, sublingual salivary gland. and mucous membranes of the floor of the mouth

Back 57

sublingual artery

Front 58

supplies the apex of the tongue

Back 58

deep lingual aretry

Front 59

Motor innervation of tongue

Back 59

hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).

Front 60

Sensory innervation of tongue

Back 60

lingual (branch of trigeminal eN V-3) , glossopharyngeal (CNIX), vagus (CN X) through the internal laryngeal nerve,

Front 61

Taste of tongue

Back 61

facial (CN VII) via chorda tympani supplies the anterior two-thirds

Front 62

What is a branch of the facial artery that also supplies blood to the palatine tonsil.

Back 62

tonsillar artery

Front 63

What is the smallest branch of the external carotid artery

Back 63

ascending pharyngeal artery

Front 64

What arise from a common trunk of the external carotid artery

Back 64

lingual artery and facial artery

Front 65

Which branch of the maxillary artery runs through the foramen spinosum and is implicated in epidural hematomas?

Back 65

Middle meningeal artery:

Front 66

What is the larger terminal branch of the external carotid artery. It begins at the neck of the mandibular condyle within the parotid gland.

Back 66

The maxillary artery

Front 67

Branches of the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa

Back 67

Inferior alveolar artery, Middle meningeal artery

Front 68

Branches of the maxillary artery in the pterygopalatine fossa

Back 68

Posterior superior alveolar artery, Infraorbital artery, Greater palatine artery, Pharyngeal branch, Sphenopalatine artery

Front 69

What follows the inferior alveolar nerve into the mandibular canal and supplies tissues of the chin and lower teeth

Back 69

Inferior alveolar artery

Front 70

What is an important artery that passes upward behind the mandibular nerve. The arteryenters the skull through the foramen spinosum. This artery supplies the meninges within the skull. Note: Damage results in an epidural hematoma.

Back 70

Middle meningeal artery

Front 71

What supplies the maxillary sinus and the molar and premolar teeth

Back 71

Posterior superior alveolar artery

Front 72

What artery enters the orbital cavity through the inferior orbital fissure

Back 72

Infraorbital artery

Front 73

What supplies the mucosa of the hard palate posterior to the maxillary canine

Back 73

Greater palatine artery

Front 74

What supplies the mucous membrane of the roof of the nasopharynx

Back 74

Pharyngeal branch

Front 75

What supplies the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity. It is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery. Note: Damage results in epistaxis (nosebleed)

Back 75

Sphenopalatine artery

Front 76

What divides the maxillary artery into three sections: the mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine.

Back 76

lateral pterygoid muscle

Front 77

. indirectly from the:

Back 77

Celiac trunk (artery)

Front 78

The celiac artery takes its origin from the

Back 78

abdominal aorta just below the diaphragm at about the level of the twelfth thoracic vertebra.

Front 79

The celiac artery is surrounded by the

Back 79

celiac plexus and lies behind the lesser sac of peritoneum.

Front 80

The celiac artery has three terminal branches, name them?

Back 80

splenic, left gastric, and· hepatic arteries.

Front 81

Splenic artery supplies

Back 81

Spleen

Front 82

What arises from splenic artery at the hilum of the spleen to supply the greater curvature of stomach.

Back 82

Left gastroepiploic artery

Front 83

fundus of stomach.

Back 83

Short gastrics artery

Front 84

What arises from the celiac artery to supply the lesser curvature of stomach and the lower third of the esophagus.

Back 84

Left gastric artery

Front 85

Hepatic artery supplies

Back 85

Liver

Front 86

Branches of Hepatic artery

Back 86

Right and left hepatic artery

Front 87

What arises from right hepatic artery to supply the gallbladder.

Back 87

cystic artery

Front 88

What arises from the hepatic artery at the upper border of the pylorus to supply the lesser curvature of stomach.

Back 88

right gastric artery

Front 89

What large branch of hepatic artery supplies the pancreas and duodenum

Back 89

gastroduodenal artery

Front 90

What supplies greater curvature of the stomach.

Back 90

right gastroepiploic artery

Front 91

What supplies the upper half of the duodenum

Back 91

superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Front 92

The Internal thoracic artery ends in the sixth Intercostal space by dividing into the:

Back 92

Superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries

Front 93

What supplies the anterior wall of the body from the clavicle to the umbilicus.

Back 93

The internal thoracic artery

Front 94

What is a branch of the first part of the subclavian artery in the neck

Back 94

The internal thoracic artery

Front 95

This artery descends vertically on the pleura behind the costal cartilages, just lateral to the sternum, and ends in the sixth intercostal space by dividing into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries.

Back 95

The internal thoracic artery

Front 96

Branches of the internal thoracic artery include

Back 96

Two anterior intercostal arteries, pericardiacophrenic artery, Perforating arteries, Mediastinal arteries, superior epigastric artery, musculophrenic artery.

Front 97

What is a branch of the external iliac artery, anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery in the rectus sheath in the area of the umbilicus

Back 97

inferior epigastric artery

Front 98

What artery supplies for the upper six intercostal spaces

Back 98

Two anterior intercostal arteries

Front 99

What accompanies the terminal branches of the corresponding intercostal nerves

Back 99

Perforating arteries

Front 100

What accompanies the phrenic nerve and supplies the pericardium

Back 100

pericardiacophrenic artery

Front 101

What supplies to the contents of the anterior mediastinum, for example, the thymus gland

Back 101

Mediastinal arteries

Front 102

What enters the rectus sheath and supplies the rectus muscle as far as the umbilicus

Back 102

superior epigastric artery

Front 103

What runs around the costal margin of the diaphragm and supplies the lower intercostal spaces and the diaphragm

Back 103

musculophrenic artery

Front 104

The abdominal aorta terminates by dividing into the common Illiac arteries and the middle sacral artery at what vertebral level?

Back 104

L4

Front 105

What is the main trunk of a series of vessels that convey the oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body for their nutrition.

Back 105

Aorta

Front 106

At the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, the aorta divides into

Back 106

the two common iliac arteries

Front 107

The characteristic feature of the aorta is that it contains a lot of

Back 107

elastic fibers in its tunica media (middle layer of blood vessel wall).

Front 108

the aorta is traditionally divided into

Back 108

the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta.

Front 109

The descending aorta is, in tum, subdivided

Back 109

into the thoracic aorta (that descends within the chest) and the abdominal aorta (that descends within the abdomen).

Front 110

a short vessel that starts at the aortic opening of the left ventricle.

Back 110

ascending aorta

Front 111

The ascending aorta's only branches are the

Back 111

right and left coronary arteries, which supply the heart muscle.

Front 112

What gives rise to three arterial branches in aorta

Back 112

Aortic arch

Front 113

The Aortic arch gives rise to three arterial branches:

Back 113

the brachiocephalic, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian. These arteries furnish all of the blood to the head, neck, and upper limbs.

Front 114

What extends from T4 to TI2 (lies in the posterior mediastinum). All of the arterial branches (posterior intercostal. subcostal arteries) from this part are small. They supply the thorax and the diaphragm.

Back 114

Thoracic portion of the descending aorta

Front 115

What extends from T 12 to L4, where the descending aorta terminates by dividing into the two common iliac arteries and a small middle sacral artery. Arteries from this area supply the abdomen and pelvic region as well as the lower limbs.

Back 115

Abdominal portion of the descending aorta

Front 116

As a result of curiosity, a 2-year-old boy decides to stick a sharp object up his nose and causes a nosebleed (epistaxis) of the anteroinferior pordon of the nasal septum. Tbis bleeding involves the septal brancbes of tbe:

Back 116

Sphenopalatine and facial arteries

Front 117

The arterial blood supply to the nasal cavity is derived mainly from branches of the

Back 117

maxillary artery

Front 118

The most important branch of the maxillary artery

Back 118

sphenopalatine artery

Front 119

What enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen.

Back 119

sphenopalatine artery

Front 120

What artery is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery.

Back 120

sphenopalatine artery

Front 121

What anastomoses with the septal branch of the superior labial branch of the facial artery in the region of the vestibule, which is a very common site of bleeding from the nose.

Back 121

sphenopalatine artery

Front 122

Name other small arteries that supply blood to the nasal cavity ?

Back 122

The descending palatine branch of the maxillary artery

Front 123

What is a branch of the internal carotid artery.

Back 123

ophthalmic artery

Front 124

What is one of the terminal arteries of the external carotid.

Back 124

maxillary artery

Front 125

What is a cone-shaped paired depression deep to the infratemporal fossa.

Back 125

pterygopalatine fossa

Front 126

What is located between the pterygoid process and the maxillary tuberosity, close to the apex of the orbit.

Back 126

pterygopalatine fossa

Front 127

This fossa contains the maxillary artery and nerve and their branches arising here, including the infraorbital and sphenopalatine arteries, the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve and branches, and the pterygopalatine ganglion.

Back 127

pterygopalatine fossa

Front 128

The pterygopalatine fossa communicates laterally with the infratemporal fossa through the

Back 128

tpterygomaxillary fissure,

Front 129

The pterygopalatine fossa communicates medially with the nasal cavity through the

Back 129

sphenopalatine foramen

Front 130

The pterygopalatine fossa communicates superiorly with the skull through the

Back 130

foramen rotundum

Front 131

The pterygopalatine fossa communicates anteriorly with the orbit through the

Back 131

inferior orbital fissure.

Front 132

The upper half of the duodenum is supplied by what ,a branch of the gastroduodenal artery.

Back 132

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Front 133

The lower half of the duodenum is supplied by what, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery.

Back 133

inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

Front 134

The arterial supply of the jejunum and ileum is from branches of the

Back 134

superior mesenteric artery

Front 135

The lowest part of the ileum is supplied by the

Back 135

ileocolic artery

Front 136

The large intestine is divided into

Back 136

the cecum, the appendix, the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon.

Front 137

Blood supply to Cecum

Back 137

the arterial blood supply is from the anterior and posterior cecal arteries, which are branches of the ileocolic artery, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery

Front 138

Blood supply to Appendix

Back 138

the arterial supply is by means of the appendicular artery, a branch of the posterior cecal artery

Front 139

Blood supply to Ascending colon

Back 139

the arterial blood supply is from the ileocolic and right colic branches of the superior mesenteric artery

Front 140

Blood supply to Transverse colon

Back 140

the arterial blood supply of the proximal two-thirds is from the middle colic artery, a branch of the superior mesenteric artery. The distal third is supplied by the left colic artery, a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery

Front 141

Blood supply to Descending colon

Back 141

the arterial blood supply is from the left colic and sigmoid branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

Front 142

Blood supply to Sigmoid colon

Back 142

the arterial blood supply is from the sigmoid branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

Front 143

The arterial blood supply to the rectum

Back 143

superior, middle, and inferior rectal arteries.

Front 144

The arterial blood supply to the anus (anal canal)

Back 144

superior and inferior rectal arteries

Front 145

The left subclavian, left carotid, and bracbiocephalic artery are branches of the:

Back 145

Aortic arch

Front 146

What lies behind the manubrium sterni and arches upward, backward, and to the left in front of the trachea (its main direction is backward).

Back 146

Aortic arch

Front 147

What passes downward to the left of the trachea, and at the level of the sternal angle become continuous with the descending aorta.

Back 147

Aortic arch

Front 148

What is an extremely short artery and is the first branch from the aortic arch

Back 148

brachiocephalic artery

Front 149

This artery passes upward and to the right of the trachea and divides into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries behind the right sternoclavicular joint.

Back 149

brachiocephalic artery

Front 150

What arises from the convex surface of the aortic arch on the left side of the brachiocephalic artery. The left common carotid artery runs upward and to the left of the trachea and enters the neck behind the left sternoclavicular joint.

Back 150

left common carotid artery

Front 151

What arises from the aortic arch behind the left common carotid artery. The left subclavian artery runs upward along the left side of the trachea and the esophagus to enter the root of the neck. This artery arches over the apex of the left lung

Back 151

left subclavian artery

Front 152

How many brachiocephalic veins are there?

Back 152

two (right and left)

Front 153

How many brachiocephalic arteries are there?

Back 153

one

Front 154

he upper limbs are supplied by the

Back 154

subclavian arteries (both right and left).

Front 155

The head and neck are supplied by the

Back 155

right and left common carotid arteries.

Front 156

EXCEPT one. Whicb one is tbe EXCEPTION?

Back 156

The common carotid arteries are the same in length

Front 157

the common carotid and subclavian arteries are both branches from the

Back 157

brachiocephalic artery.

Front 158

to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage.

Back 158

common carotid artery

Front 159

The common carotid artery travels in a sheath deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle which also contains

Back 159

internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve.

Front 160

The common carotid artery ends by dividing into

Back 160

the internal and external carotid arteries at about the level of the larynx.

Front 161

What branches supply the structures inside the cranial cavity.

Back 161

internal carotid

Front 162

What gives rise to the ophthalmic artery?

Back 162

internal carotid

Front 163

What is the major blood supply of the orbit and eye, that enters the orbit through the optic foramen (canal) with the optic nerve.

Back 163

ophthalmic artery

Front 164

The internal carotid ends by dividing into

Back 164

the anterior and middle cerebral arteries that contribute to the great cerebral circle (of Willis).

Front 165

cranial cavity.

Back 165

external carotid

Front 166

What are the anterior branches of external carotid

Back 166

Superior thyroid artery, Lingual artery, Facial artery , Maxillary artery

Front 167

What are the posterior branches of external carotid

Back 167

Ascending pharyngeal artery, Occipital artery, Posterior auricular artery, Superficial temporal artery

Front 168

What arises lateral to the common carotid artery.

Back 168

subclavian artery

Front 169

Which artery gives off branches to supply both intracranial and extracranial structures, but its major destination is the upper extremity (arm).

Back 169

subclavian artery

Front 170

On the left side of the body what arteries arise from the arch of the aorta in the superior mediastinum.

Back 170

left common carotid and left subclavian

Front 171

Which artery supplies the muscles of mastication, the maxillary and mandibular teeth, the palate, and almost all of the nasal cavity?

Back 171

Maxillary artery

Front 172

causing the diplopia. Name the projection of the ethmoid bone that collapsed:

Back 172

Lamina papyracea

Front 173

All statements concerning tbe spbenoid bone are true EXCEPT one.Which one is tbe EXCEPTION?

Back 173

The medial pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone provide attachment sites for two muscles of mastication

Front 174

Bone in the mandible develops by:

Back 174

Intramembranous ossification

Front 175

The seven unpaired bones of skull are

Back 175

frontal, ethmoid. occipital. sphenoid, mandible, vomer, and hyoid bones.

Front 176

The 10 paired bones of the skull are

Back 176

temporal bones, including the tiny middle ear bones (ossicles) of the malleus, incus, and stapes (hammer. anvil. and stirrup). parietal, lacrimal. nasal, zygomatic. palatine, and maxillary bones.

Front 177

Which bone is exceedingly light and spongy, and cubical in shape

Back 177

this bone is situated at the anterior part of the base of the cranium, between the two orbits, at the roof of the nose, and contributes to each of these cavities.

Front 178

What are the four parts of the ethmoid bone

Back 178

a horizontal or cribriform plate, forming part of the base of the cranium

Front 179

What contains many olfactory foramina. The olfactory nerves pass through these foramina. Note: Damage to this area typically results in the loss of sense of smell.

Back 179

Cribriform plate

Front 180

The ______ is a midline projection from the perpendicular plate that serves as an attachment for the falx cerebri

Back 180

crista galli

Front 181

What project downward from the cribriform plate.

Back 181

Lateral masses (right and left)

Front 182

What contain the ethmoid sinuses and the orbital plate of the ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea).

Back 182

Lateral masses (right and left)

Front 183

What forms forms the paper-thin medial wall of the orbit.

Back 183

lamina papyracea

Front 184

What are scroll-like projections that extend medially from the lateral masses into the nasal cavity.

Back 184

The superior and middle nasal conchae

Front 185

Each ethmoidal sinus is divided into

Back 185

anterior, middle, and posterior ethmoidal air

Front 186

plate of the

Back 186

frontal bone.

Front 187

Posteriorly, the superior wall is formed by the

Back 187

lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.

Front 188

What provides the origin for both the lateral and the medial pterygoid muscles.

Back 188

The lateral pterygoid plate

Front 189

What is situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporal and basilar part of the occipital bone.

Back 189

The sphenoid bone

Front 190

What is divided into a median portion or body, two great and two small wings extending outward from the sides of the body, and two pterygoid processes that project from the bone below.

Back 190

The sphenoid bone

Front 191

What Contains the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland and the sphenoidal sinuses.

Back 191

Hollow body

Front 192

Help to form the lateral wall of the orbit and the roof of the infratemporal fossa. Contain foramen rotundum: transmits maxillary nerve (V-2), foramen ovale: transmits mandibular nerve (V-3), and foramen spinosum: transmits the middle meningeal vessels and nerves to the tissues covering the brain.

Back 192

Greater wings of sphenoid

Front 193

Help to form the roof of the orbit and the superior orbital fissure

Back 193

contain the optic canal (optic foramen) that transmits the optic nerve (eN II) and ophthalmic artery

Front 194

One on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and great wings unite. Each process consists of a medial and a lateral plate, the upper parts of which are fused anteriorly

Back 194

a vertical sulcus, the pterygopalatine groove, descends on the front of the line of fusion

Front 195

bone ossification

Back 195

bone formation

Front 196

The first evidence of bone ossification (bone formation) occurs around

Back 196

the eighth week of prenatal development.

Front 197

endochondral ossification

Back 197

going through a cartilaginous stage

Front 198

intramembranous ossification

Back 198

forming directly as bone

Front 199

endochondral,

Back 199

they began as a hyaline cartilage model before they ossify. This takes place within hyaline cartilage.

Front 200

This type of ossification is principally responsible for the formation of short and long bones.

Back 200

endochondral

Front 201

The flat bones of the skull and face, the mandible, and the clavicle develop by

Back 201

intramembranous ossification.

Front 202

Once bone is formed, it grows by

Back 202

appositional growth (growth by addition ofnew layers on those previously formed) .