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21 Cards in this Set

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Why study primates? What specific characteristics resemble humans?
Our closest living relatives--share many characteristics, give us insight into human evolution
Evolutionary history, anatomy, behavior, life history patterns, physiology and cognition
What is homology? Analogy?
Similarity based on common ancestry used to assign organisms to the same taxon (ex. humans and primates)
Similarities based on convergent evolution--independently evolved to serve a similar function (ex. dolphins and sharks--bodies adapted for similar fxn: size, body shape; fins, tails, oceani)
How did the evolution of primate lineages lead to hominoids? How did hominoids lead to hominins?
Living primates--> prosimians and anthropoids, anthropoids--> new world monkeys and old world primates, old world primates--> old world monkeys and apes & humans (hominoids)
Hominoids--> lesser apes (gibbons), great apes (orangutans, gorillas, chimps, banobos), and hominins (humans!)
What were Miocene Apes (Proconsul africanus) like? What were some examples of mid-late Miocene Hominoids?
East Africa 23-18 mya, warm climate/open woodlands, size of rhesus monkey, likely direct ancestor of modern apes and humans
Kenyapithecus (Africa), Sivapithecus (Asia), Dryopithecus and Oreopithecus (Europe)--appear 15-20 mya
What are general adaptive traits of primates in relation to anatomy? Lifestyle? (keep in mind these are NOT unique to primates)
Opposable big toe and prehensile hands for grasping, flat nails on hands and feet instead of claws, larger brains relative to body size than other mammals, clavicle
omnivorous, highly developed visual sense, usually single births, prolonged gestation/post-natal period of dependence, emphasis on learning and complex behaviors
What are the two most important traits of primates?
Big brains & highly social!
Why did brain size increase?
Demands of foraging, demands of living in social groups, behavioral flexibility allows for problem-solving and learning from others
Primate behavior or mammalian behavior?
Mammalian patterns seen in primates: female phylopatry/male dispersal, polygyny common, little paternal/extensive maternal care
Primate patterns: Sociality common & complex, emphasis on visual & vocal communication, increasing cognitive problem-solving abilities
What are some prosimian adaptations? Example of prosimians?
Large eyes/sensitive nocturnal vision, well-developed sense of smell, large independently mobile ears, different brain organization, unique locomotor adaptations, generally less social
ex. Lemurs--33 species, nocturnal, diurnal, live in Madagascar
How did anthropoids vary from prosimians in evolutionary history?
Greater emphasis on vision/diminished olfactory ability, diurnal, larger body size and larger relative neocortex, more social and flexible behavior
In terms of anthropoid monkeys, how do terrestrial compare to arboreal?
Usually larger-bodied, more sexual dimorphism (more male aggression), males emigrate (females are core of group)
How do New World Monkeys (platyrrhines) compare to Old World Monkeys (catarrhines)?
Cebodeia (NWM)--Highly arboreal, some have prehensile tails, variable social structure
Cercopithecoidea (OWM)--Widely distributed in Africa & Asia, exhibit variability in: arboreality, social organization, and diet
What species does 'hominoids' include? What are some characteristics of hominoids?
Gibbons, siamangs, gorillas, chimps, bonobos, and humans
No tails, unique locomotion (brachiators to swing from trees and knuckle-walkers), widely divergent social organization, great apes capable of complex problem-solving and learning
What are specific characteristics of lesser apes (gibbons and siamsangs)?
SE Asian forests, frugivores/insects/small animals, small (~3 ft), low sexual dimorphism, efficient brachiators (long arms/slender bodies)
What are characteristics of Orangutans (Asian Great Apes)?
Living in Indonesia (2 surviving species), large bodies, pronounced sexual dimorphism, more arboreal (climb slowly), eat fruit/bark/leaves/insects, often solitary but social if opportunity
What are some qualities of Gorillas (African Great Apes)?
Central Africa (3 surviving species), very large bodies (400 lbs...double orangutan), marked sexual dimorphism, folivores (eat LOTS of leaves), knuckle-walkers
What are some characteristics of Chimpanzees (African Great Apes)?
Pan Troglodytes--W/E/Central Africa (forested & open areas), eat fruit/leaves/birds' eggs (males occasionally hunt for meat), large body size, sexual dimorphism, multimale-multifemale groups, MALE bonding--promiscuous mating system!
What are some characteristics of Bonobos (African Great Apes)?
Pan paniscus--only in Democratic Republic of Congo (forest habitat), diet like chimps (except more vegetation/no hunting), slightly smaller/more gracile than chimps, multimale-multifemale groups, FEMALE bonding, use sex acts to avoid conflict!
How do platyrrhines differ from catarrhine anthropoids?
New World Monkeys (platyrrhines) have a broad nose, three premolars, a prehensile tail and are arboreal. Old World Primates (catarrhines) have narrow noses, two premolars, and non-prehensile tails
What are the three families in the hominoid group?
The Lesser Apes (hylobates)--gibbons and siamsangs, the Great Apes (pongids)--orangutans, gorillas, chimps, and humans (hominids)
What are some skeletal adaptations for bipedalism compared to ape anatomy?
Human spine is S-shaped and exits from the center, pelvis is bowl-shaped, femurs angle inward, knees support more weight
Ape spine exits from rear of skull, only slight curve, apie pelvis is longer/narrow, femurs angle out, knees hold less weight