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10 Cards in this Set

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Why do frugivores have larger residuals than folivores?
-Greater spatial and temporal variability in their food supply which demands greater memory capacity
-Smaller guts, so they can afford larger brains
What is the extractive foraging hypothesis?
-Tool-mediated extraction of "embedded foods" selected for increased brain size
How do human foragers live?
Occupy an extreme feeding niche, eating the highest quality, most nutrient dense, and difficult to acquire plant and animal foods in their environment
How is the value of a food source determined?
-probability of finding it
-time required to find and harvest it
-payoff if it is found
-risk
What is the optimal foraging theory?
Eat whatever maximizes the average rate of energy intake (calories)--determined by the energetic content of prey divided by (handling time+search time)
What was the valuation system in the brain found in monkeys?
Neurons in midbrain (VTA), ventral striatum, and orbitfrontal cortex (OFC) respond to food reward -- stop responding when satiated
What is neuroeconomics?
The study of how the brain assigns value to various decision options (EV=probability x magnitude)
What did the studies on monkeys and food reveal?
VTA neurons encode anticipated reward probability in monkeys AND expected value
What is temporal discounting? Which regions of the brain encode information about it?
Discounting the value of future rewards relative to present rewards
Ventral striatum and medial orbitofrontal cortex
What is operant conditioning?
-trial and error learning
-learning to repeat behaviors that are rewarded and avoid those that are punished