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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the two major arms of the physiological stress response?
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-Sympathetic nervous system
-HPA axis |
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What is autonomic balance?
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Determines physiological state:
-SNS regulates fear & flight -PNS regulates digestion, etc. |
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What occurs in the SNS fight or flight response?
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-Norepinephrine secreted from sympathetic nerve endings
-Epinephrine secreted from nerve endings in the adrenal medulla (both NTs biosynthesized from tyrosine) |
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What are the functional components of the mammalian stress response?
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-mobilization of glucose and fatty acids
-increased oxygen uptake -increased delivery of oxygen and glucose to skeletal muscle tissues -dilated pupils -memory and cognition sharpened -analgesia |
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How does the mobilization of glucose and fatty acids occur?
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-glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle cells
-fatty acids are stored as triglycerides in fat cells -NE, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids release the two |
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How does increased delivery of oxygen and glucose to skeletal muscle tissues occur?
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-Increased heart rate (NE and epinephrine)
-Contriction of vessels leading to nonessential organs (such as skin) --> increased blood pressure |
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How does analgesia occur?
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Endogenous opioids released from anterior pituitary gland
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What are the deleterious consequences of chronic stress?
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-diabetes (due to chronic mobilization of glucose/fatty acids and blockade of storage)
-ulcer -irritable bowel syndrome (SNS stimulates muscular movement in large intestines) -reproductive disorders -infectious disease, possibly cancer |
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What are the lateral and central nuclei of the amygdala responsible for?
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-Information from all of the sensory systems feeds into the lateral nucleus
-Central nucleus orchestrates physiological and emotional responses to threatening stimuli |
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What did amygdala lesions in macaque monkeys show?
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-Became less fearful of snakes (just as likely to take reward in their presence)
-Less freezing behavior with human intruder -Less inhibition in social interactions with animals they do not know well |
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How does bilateral amygdala damage affect humans?
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-They show deficits in recognizing facial expressions of fear (but not other expressions)
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What two routes does amygdala receive sensory information?
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1. visual info.--thalamus--primary visual cortex & temporal cortex--amygdala (CONSCIOUS processing)
2. bypasses cerebral cortex, directly from thalamus--amygdala (UNCONSCIOUS route) |
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Persons with GSP (social phobia) show what in their responses to facial expressions of anger, disgust, or fear?
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Stronger amygdala responses compared to healthy comparison subjects
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What is believed to be the reason for anxiety-related personal traits?
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SERT polymorphism-- S allele leads to less transcription so carriers more sensitive/active amygdalas
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What are characteristics of PTSD? In terms of the brain?
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-intrusive thoughts
-hyperarousal -flashbacks -nightmares -changes in memory/concentration -increased startle responses |
associated with amygdala over-activity and OFC under-activity (less suppression of the amygdala)
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What has been recently thought of as an effective strategy in treating PTSD?
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-accelerating extinction of conditioned fears through exposure therapy with addition of drug D-cycloserine
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