Nb3 Ear And Auditory Pathway

Front 1

3 characteristics of sound that the ear must encode

Back 1

Pitch- frequency, cycles/sec
Loudness- sound level dB
Timing- onset duration

Front 2

Human ear recognizes sounds between frequencies of ___ to ___

Back 2

20- 20,000 Hz

Front 3

Functions of the outer ear summarized in 2 words

Back 3

Collection and amplification

Front 4

Outer ear is comprised of external ear with ___along with the ___

Back 4

Pinna or auricle and external auditory meatus (ear canal)

Front 5

The transfer of movement of ear drum to the oval window is the job of the ___ ear

Back 5

Middle ear

Front 6

The stapes rests in the ___
The malleus is attached to the___
While the ___ is in between these two

Back 6

oval window
Tympanic membrane
Incus

Front 7

In the Middle Ear reflex these 2 muscles contract to stiffen the ossicular chain and cause what

Back 7

Stapedius and Tensor Tympani
reduce the amplitude of movement of the stapes in the oval window

Front 8

Middle ear reflexes are unilateral or bilateral? Protect from what kind of sound

Back 8

Bilateral
Loud Long and Low frequency

Front 9

A tympanometry test asses the function of what part of the ear

Back 9

The middle ear

Front 10

The osseous labyrinth of the inner ear is divided into the

Back 10

cochlea, vestibule, 3 semicicular canals

Front 11

Osseous labrynth is filled with-
Membranous labrynth is fille dwith

Back 11

Osseous- Perilymph
Membranous- Endolymph

Front 12

Which part of the ear plays a role in signal transduction

Back 12

cochlea

Front 13

Fluid filling the scala vestibuli and typani is ___ which is high in___

Back 13

perilymph, high in Na+ like CSF

Front 14

Fluid filling the scala media is ___ which is high in__

Back 14

endolymph, high in K+ like intracellular fluid

Front 15

Reissner's membrane seperates

Back 15

scala vestibuli from scala media

Front 16

The organ of Corti is formed by

Back 16

epithelia in the scala media

Front 17

Are inner hair cells or outer hair cells more abundant?

Back 17

Outer Hair Cells

Front 18

How are inner and outer hair bundle oriented?

Back 18

the tallest row is positioned on the side corresponding to the outer wall of cochlear duct

Front 19

The electrochem gradient causes K+ to rush in hair cells when stereocilia are deflected ___

Back 19

laterally

Front 20

What is the stria vascularis

Back 20

specialized vascular area of the lateral wall of the cochlear duct that maintains fluid content of the mebranous duct

Front 21

Meniere's disease may result from a failure to maintain

Back 21

proper fluid balance in the membranous labyrinth

Front 22

Fluid waves rock the basilar membrane and _____ to initiate signal transduction

Back 22

shear the hair bundles against the stiff tectorial membrane

Front 23

In the cochlea high frequency energy peaks near the base or apex?

Back 23

Near the apex
opposite true for low frequency

Front 24

Electromotility is based on

Back 24

voltage dependent changes in the configuration of proteins in the lateral walls of OHCs to increase or decrease OHC height

Front 25

The osseous and membranous labyrinth spiral around the bony core of the cochlea known as the ___ which contains

Back 25

modiolus, auditory nerve and spiral ganglion

Front 26

Of the 3 fluid filled spaces in the mid modiolar section, name them from top to bottom

Back 26

Upper- scala vestibuil
Middle- scala media (cochlear duct)
Lower- scala tympani

Front 27

The base of the scala tympani borders the medial wall of the tympanic cavity at the ___

Back 27

round window

Front 28

Inner hair cells are ___ shaped
Outer hair cells are ____ shaped

Back 28

Inner-goblet
Outer- tubule

Front 29

What is presbycusis

Back 29

age-related hearing loss, hair cell loss first in the base

Front 30

2 causes of conductive hearing loss are typically

Back 30

Otitis Media and Otosclerosis

Front 31

Sensorineural hearing loss typically results from

Back 31

Noise induced
Drug induced
Age related

Front 32

Describe Rinne Test and the Findings for normal, Sensorineuronal loss and Conductive loss

Back 32

Rinne take a tuning fork in air and on mastoid bone
Normal- louder in air
SNHL- air is louder
CHL- louder on bone than air

Front 33

Describe Weber Test and findings in normal, SNHL, and CHL

Back 33

Arm of the tuning fork placed on vertex of skull
Normal-sound is same on both sides
SNHL- sound on opposite side of hearing loss
CHL- sound louder on affected side

Front 34

The cochlear nucleus is draped over the

Back 34

inferior peduncle at the pontomedullary junction

Front 35

Describe connection of neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus

Back 35

connected to inferior colliculus, cross in reticular formation, ascend in the lateral lemniscus, synpase on contralateral side

Front 36

Describe connection of neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus

Back 36

connections with the superior olivary nuclei bilaterally

Front 37

A combination of auditory signs (monaural deafness) and cerebellar ataxia may result from a stroke involving which artery

Back 37

AICA

Front 38

Damage to the cochlear nucleus or the auditory nerve would result in

Back 38

monaural deafness

Front 39

Superior Olivary Nuclei are located in what brainstem region

Back 39

caudal pons

Front 40

The major input to the superior olivary nuclei is from the

Back 40

cochlear nuclei

Front 41

What is the trapezoid body

Back 41

axons that cross between superior olives on each side

Front 42

Neurons from the superior olive crossed and uncrossed project to the

Back 42

inferior colliculus and ascend to the lateral lemniscus

Front 43

The first level of binaural computation is the

Back 43

superior olivary complex

Front 44

The medial superior olivary nucleus computes

Back 44

the difference in arrival of sounds at each ear

Front 45

The lateral superior olivary nucleus computes

Back 45

the difference in level of sounds between each ear

Front 46

The inferior colliculus is located in this brainstem region___

Back 46

dorsal surface of the midbrain tectum

Front 47

What role does the inferior colliculus play in the auditory pathway

Back 47

mandatory relay for all ascending information, projects to the medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus

Front 48

Damage to the inferior colliculus may result in

Back 48

inability to localize or atend to stimuli in the opposite hemifield

Front 49

The medial geniculate nucleus is located in the ___thalamus along the ___

Back 49

caudal thalamus along by the lateral geniculate nucleus

Front 50

This connects the inferior colliculus and the medial geniculate nucleus

Back 50

brachium of the inferior colliculus

Front 51

Thalamic projects to the auditory cortex ascend in the

Back 51

retrolenticular part of the internal capsule

Front 52

Damage to the medial geniculate nucleus (PCA territory) may result in

Back 52

aphasia or other auditory processing disorders

Front 53

Primary auditory cortex is located in the ___ gyri of which fissure/lobe

Back 53

Heschl's gyri in the lateral Sylvian fissure on the superior surface of the temporal lob

Front 54

Primary auditory cortex is numbered as

Back 54

Brodmann area 41

Front 55

The vestibular apparatus is located in the ____ posterior to the ___

Back 55

petrous bone posterior to the cochlea

Front 56

Name the five sensory structures of the vestibular apparatus

Back 56

Two otolith organs (saccule and utricle)
Three semicicular canals (lateral, superior, posterior)

Front 57

The perilymphatic canal of the vestib. app. is continuous with

Back 57

the subarachnoid space

Front 58

In contrast to cochlear hair cells, what is special about rows in a single kinocilia?

Back 58

A single kinocilia alongside the tallest stereocilia marks the polarization of the hair bundle, all hair cells on a semicicular canal are oriented or polarized in same direction

Front 59

Each canal pair is sensitive to ___

Back 59

angular acceleration in a different direction

Front 60

Which canals are activated by turning the head back and forth to say no

Back 60

horizontal canals

Front 61

Which hair cells are activated by nodding the head to say yes

Back 61

anterior and posterior canal

Front 62

The saccule and utricle are sensitive to

Back 62

head tilt and linear acceleration

Front 63

What is the region of specialized sensory epithelia for the saccule and utricle

Back 63

The macula

Front 64

The macula is oriented __ in the wall of the utricle and ___ in the wall of the saccule

Back 64

horizontally and vertically

Front 65

Where are the Superior, Laterl, Inferior, and Medial Vestibular Nuclei located

Back 65

in the floor of the 4th ventricle

Front 66

____ ganglion give rise the the vestibular part of CN VIII

Back 66

Scarpa's ganglion (vestibular)

Front 67

Most pirmary vestibular afferent axons end in the vestibular nuclei on the same/opposite side?

Back 67

Same side

Front 68

Name 3 important outputs of the vestibular system

Back 68

MLF to extraocular nuclei and gaze center
Medial vestibulospinal tract to C1-4
Lateral vestibulospinal tract to cervical and lumbar enlargements

Front 69

The medial and inferior vestibular nuclei are located in the ___
The lateral and superior Vestib. N are located in the___

Back 69

Medial/inferior- medulla
Lateral/Superior- Pons

Front 70

Which reflex mediates balance and posture? Which for compensatory neck and head movement?

Back 70

Lateral Vestibulospinal for limb and trunk balance/posture
Medial Vestibulospinal for neck/head

Front 71

Semicircular canals project rostral or caudal?
Otolith organs project rostrally or caudally?

Back 71

Semicicular- rostrally
Otolith- Caudally

Front 72

Name the extraocular muscles associated with
Lateral Canals:
Anterior Canals:
Posterior Canals:

Back 72

Lateral- medial and lateral rectus
Anterior- superior and inferior rectus
Posterior- superior and inferior oblique

Front 73

Differentiate dizziness and vertigo

Back 73

Dizziness- light headed (no sense of movement)
Vertigo- sensation of movement

Front 74

Describe benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

Back 74

sensation of head movement caused when otoconia have dislodged from macula and floated against the cupula of a semicicular canal

Front 75

Meniere's disease is related to

Back 75

excess endolymph

Front 76

In the barany positional test the posterior and lateral canals are activated, what is seen with peripheral injury?

Back 76

Horizontal nystagmus beating to same side, may cause vertigo

Front 77

In the Barany positional test what is seen with central damage

Back 77

Immediate nystagmus in horizontal or vertical direction may change direction