Nb3 Dementia Pathology

Front 1

A definition of dementia should include the following criteria

Back 1

Cognitive impairment is acquired
Impairment involves multiple domains of cognitive function
No impairment of arousal

Front 2

What is apraxia

Back 2

inability to perform learned movements that is not due to weakness/incoordination or failure to comprehend (in the differential for dementia)

Front 3

Average duration of Alzheimer's

Back 3

8-12 yrs

Front 4

Major findings in the 3 clinical stages of Alzheimer's

Back 4

Stage I- memory disturbances, indifference, irritability
Stage II- aphasia, indifference, incontinence
Stage III- intellectual functions effected, worsening language, motor disturbance

Front 5

Amyloid precursor protein is on gene ___ and contributes to ___ cases of Alzheimer's

Back 5

Chromosome 21, <.01% of AD

Front 6

Proteinopathy most significant in AD is related to

Back 6

Alpha Beta peptides which are endocytosed, elicit a response in astrocytes and microglia and are toxic

Front 7

Gross pathology of Alzheimer's disease shows

Back 7

atrophy with hydrocephalus ex vacuo
*pronounced atrophy inthe medial temporal lobe

Front 8

Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of

Back 8

hyper-phosphorylated forms of tau (a microtubular associated protein)
ubiquiting, and AlphaBeta Protein (precursor of APP)

Front 9

Neuritic plaques are found in which disease and what are they

Back 9

Alzheimer's
consist of dystrophic neurites and mitochondria

Front 10

Heavy involvement of neuritic plaques in AD are in which -

Which notable regions are spared-

Back 10

Association cortex, posterior cingulate gyrus, and amygdala

Spared- primary motor, sensory, and visual

Front 11

What are Hirano bodies and where are they found

Back 11

Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions found in pyramidal neurons of hippocampus

Front 12

Hirano bodies are immunoreactive for

Back 12

actin

Front 13

Where is granulovacuolar degeneration found and how is their immunoreactivity?

Back 13

pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus
Tubulin-like immunoreactivity

Front 14

Where in the brain should you look for Lewy bodies in Alzheimer's

Back 14

Anterior cingulate gyrus

can also look in midbrain substantia nigra

Front 15

Pick's disease is what underlying pathology?

Back 15

Tauopathy

Front 16

Frontotemporal dementia and perkinsonism are classified as---

Back 16

Taupathies

Front 17

Compare presentation of frontotemporal dementia to AD

Back 17

memory deficit may not be present in FTD initially (like it is in AD) and FTD is more behavioral and language related

Front 18

Do Frontotemporal dementias have plaques and tangles

Back 18

No, at least not in same levels as AD

Front 19

FTDP-17 is-

Back 19

a group of autosomal dominant progressive neurodegenerative syndromes

Front 20

Alpha-synuclein is involved in what function

Back 20

neurofilament chaperones

Front 21

Describe classical Lewy Bodies

Back 21

Brainstem type, spherical with eosinophilic core and pale halo

Front 22

Describe Cortical Lewy Bodies

Back 22

Small neurons in cortical layers V and VI, less clearly defined than classical, lack halo

Front 23

Cortical Lewy Bodies stain for phosphorylated neurophilaments, ubiquiting, synuclein but DO NOT stain for

Back 23

tau

Front 24

In dementia with Lewy Bodies what is the time course of the memory impairment like

Back 24

It may not be prominent in early stages

Front 25

Compared to AD, vascular dementia has an earlier or later onset?

Back 25

Vascular onset is earlier

Front 26

Describe the prion protein in the disease state

Back 26

The alpha helix changes to Beta sheet, it is resistant to digestion and induces conformational change in normal PrP molecules

Front 27

What are clinical syndromes of CJD

Back 27

non-specific malaise followed by neurological signs, dementia, pyramidal signs, end stage is vegetative with seizures

Front 28

What laboratory test may be abnormal with CJD

Back 28

14-3-3 protein

Front 29

What changes does CJD cause histologically in the cortex

Back 29

microvacuolation of cortex

Front 30

Name 4 nutritional deficiencies that can cause dementia

Back 30

Thiamine, B12, B6, Niacin

Front 31

What is a clinical syndrome of Thiamine deficiency

Back 31

delirium, ataxic gait, abnormal eye movements with nystagmus

Front 32

Describe Korsakoff's Syndrome

Back 32

results from untreated Wernicke's encephalopathy
Causes retrograde amnesia, atnerograde amnesia, confabulation
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Front 33

Where is the loss of neurons in Korsakoff's Syndrome

Back 33

Medial Dorsal Nucleus of Thalamus