Nb - Intro To The Structure Of The Human Nervous System

Front 1

Components of the CNS

Back 1

The CNS consists of the brain (cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum) and spinal cord protected by the skill and spinal column (vertebrae).

Front 2

Components of the PNS

Back 2

The PNS includes the spinal nerves and most of the cranial nerves which connect the brain and spinal cord with peripheral structures

Front 3

The anatomical classification of the brain splits it into the CNS and PNS. The Functional classification allows the nervous system to be divided into two major systems also:

Back 3

1) The somactic nervous system, whose function is to control structures of the body
2) The autonomic nervous system, whose function is to control structures of the organ systems

Front 4

Somatic Nervous System components and functions (2)

Back 4

-Comprised of CNS and PNS structures responsible for:
1) conveying and processing conscious and unconscious sensory (afferent) information from the body
2) motor (efferent) control of voluntary (striated) muscle

Front 5

Autonomic Nervous System (Visceral nervous system, Visceromotor nervous sytem) components, functions (2), and 2 subsystems

Back 5

-comprised of CNS and PNS structures responsible for:
1) motor control of the involuntary (smooth) musculature and cardiac musculature of glands and of the viscera (organs)
2) conveys sensory information from visceral organs
-The 2 subsystems that it is composed of are the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Front 6

The CNS develops from...

Back 6

a hollow structure called the neural tube

Front 7

There are three divisions (enlargements or swellings) in the cranial end of the neural tube during the 4th weeks

Back 7

1) Forebrain
2) Midbrain
3) Hindbrain

Front 8

During the 5th weeks, Secondary Swellings occur in the forebrain and hindbrain to give a total of 5 major divisions of the embryonic brain

Back 8

The embryonic forebrain is divided into the
1) telencephalon
2) diencephalon
The midbrain does not partition further and remiands the
3) midbrain
The hindbrain is divided into the
4) metencephalon
5) myelencephalon

Front 9

Adult brain subdivisions in the forebrain (2)

Back 9

Forebrain derivative include the
1) Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres)
2) Diencephalon, which is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus

the midbrain stays the same

Front 10

Adult brain subdivisions in the hindbrain (2)

Back 10

Hindbrain derivatives include
a) the Pons and Cerebellum from the metencephalon
b) Medulla Oblongata (medulla) forms from the meyelencephalon

Front 11

Brainstem components (3)

Back 11

midbrain, pons, and medulla

Front 12

Bulb

Back 12

the pons and medulla are referred to as the bulb. this gives rise to terms such as Corticobulbar Tracts.

Front 13

Ventricular System (5)

Back 13

The lumen of the neural tube goes into the adult brain and each of the major regions of the brain has a named portion of this system:
1) Cerebrum - each hemisphere contains a lateral ventricle (ventricle 1 and 2)
2) Diencephalon contains the 3rd ventricle
3) Midbrain contains the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
4) The pons and medulla contain the 4th ventricle
5) The spinal cord contains the central canal

Front 14

Each hemisphere of the brain has 4 main components

Back 14

1) cortex - which is made up of surface grey matter (cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses)
2) white matter (masses of axons, esp. myelinated ones) unerlying the cortex (subcortical)
3) basal ganglia (basal nuclei; deep gray matter or deep cerebral nuclei)
4) ventricles (cavities/spaces)

Front 15

The sulci and gyri allow each hemisphere to be organized into 6 lobes

Back 15

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) occipital
4) temporal
5) insular - underneath frontal and temporal
6) limbic system

Front 16

Longitudinal fissure

Back 16

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 17

central sulcus (of Rolando)

Back 17

separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe

Front 18

lateral sulcus (of Sylvius)

Back 18

separates frontal lobe from temporal lobe

Front 19

calcarine sulcus

Back 19

divides the medial surface of the occipital lobe into an upper (cuneus) and lower (lingula) portion
it is surrounded by the primary visual cortex and is often called the upper and lower banks of the calcarine sulcus

Front 20

parieto-occipital sulcus

Back 20

-separates occipital lobe from parietal lobe on medial surface
-separation of occipital lobe from parietal lobe on lateral surface is an imaginary line drawn from the parito-occipital sulcus to the preoccipital notch

Front 21

4 Different gyri of the frontal lobe

Back 21

precentral gyri & superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri

Front 22

3 different gyri and 2 different lobules of the parietal lobe

Back 22

consists of the postcentral gyrus.
consists of the superior and inferior parietal lobules (separated by the intraparietal sulcus)
inferior parietal lobule contains the supramarginal and angular gyri

Front 23

4 gyri of the temporal lobe

Back 23

consists of the temporal gyri, which has superior, middle, and inferior gyri
consists of the parahippocampal gyrus

Front 24

parahippocampal gyrus - 2 parts

Back 24

a) cortex which overlies the hippocampus
b) the uncus - which is a medial bulge of the parahippcampal gyrus and overlies the amygdala.

Front 25

uncal herniation

Back 25

sometimes with increased intracranial pressure the temporal lobe herniates under the tentorium cerebelli and the uncus compresses cranial nerve III

Front 26

occipital lobe gyri (3)

Back 26

-occipital gyri is the general name for the gyri of the lateral portion of this lobe
-the medial surface of this lobe is divided into an upper portion called the Cuneus and a lower portion called the Lingula by the calcarine sulcus.

Front 27

upper and lower banks of the calcarine surface

Back 27

the cortex immediately above and below the calcarine sulcus is called this

Front 28

3 functional areas of the cortex

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a) primary motor area
b) primary somatosensory area
c) functional areas - Brodmann's areas

Front 29

Brodmann's areas - 4 areas and their functions

Back 29

1) area 4 - primary motor cortex
a) corresponds roughly to precentral gyrus
b) control of voluntary movements

2) area 3,1,2 - postcentral gyrus; primary somatosensory cortex
a) corresponds roughly to postcentral gyrus
b) processes sensory info from the body

Front 30

4 regions of the diencephalon

Back 30

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

Front 31

Thalamus - consists of and function (1)

Back 31

composed of separate groups of cells called thalamic nuclei. they function as relay stations for all sensory impulses, except olfaction, to the cerebral cortex

Front 32

Nucleus Ventralis Posterolateralis (VPL) - what is it and its function

Back 32

one example of specific thalamic nuclei.
processes somatic sensory information and relays it to primary sensory cortex

Front 33

Hypothalamus - consists of and functions (3)

Back 33

comprised of hypothalamic nuclei which receive info about the external environment.
some of its functions are to
a)control and integrate ANS
b)control and regulate food intake
c)control and regulate endrocrine systems

Front 34

Hypothalamus is physically attached to and intimately functionally related to what gland

Back 34

pituitary gland

Front 35

Epithalamus (above the thalamus) consists of several small portions including the...

Back 35

pineal gland, which may be involved in circadian rhythms.

Front 36

Diencephalon is the attachment site of what nerve

Back 36

-CN II - optic nerve
-the optic nerve and a portion of the retina are embryological outgrowths of the diencephalon
-optic chiasm and optic tracts are related to this nerve

Front 37

Ventricular system of the diencephalon is what ventricle

Back 37

third ventricle

Front 38

3 Parts of Brainstem

Back 38

midbrain, pons, medulla

Front 39

superior colliculi function (part of tectum of midbrain)

Back 39

reflex center for movement of eyeballs and head and neck in response to visual stimuli

Front 40

inferior colliculi function (part of tectum of midbrain)

Back 40

reflex center for movement of the head and neck in response to auditory stimuli

Front 41

Cerebral Peduncles of midbrain components and function

Back 41

most ventral portion of midbrain.
they contain nerve fibers (corticospinal tracts) that convey motor impulses from the cerebral cortex to the pons, medulla, and spinal cord

Front 42

midbrain is the origin of what 2 cranial nerves

Back 42

III and IV

Front 43

the cerebral aqueduct of sylvius connecting what 2 ventricles

Back 43

3rd and 4th

Front 44

Pons is the origin of what 4 cranial nerves

Back 44

V, VI, VII, and VIII

Front 45

what ventricle is ventricle of pons

Back 45

4th

Front 46

cerebellum has 3 distinct parts and 2 main functions

Back 46

a) vermis - midline, worm-like portion
b) two lateral hemispheres

1) coordinates subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles
2) maintains equilibrium and controls posture

Front 47

Medulla is origin of what 4 crainial nerves

Back 47

IX, X, XI, XII

Front 48

what ventricle is the ventricle of the medulla

Back 48

4th