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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Who was Horst Wessel? |
German Nazi Party activist and SA Stormtroopers, shot dead by communist in 1930.
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Horst Wessel was a local SA commander in Berlin.
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What was the significance of his death?
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Horst Wessel became a martyr to the Nazi movement.
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What did Hitler and Goebbels believe?
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Believed that propaganda and indoctrination would play a vital role in the establishment of the Third Reich
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What did Goebbels describe propaganda as?
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'Sharpest weapon in conquering State.'
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How many people did the Ministry of Public Enlightenment employ by 1937?
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14, 000 people.
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What was the Nazis aim?
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Aim was to strengthen their grip on power by using propaganda and indoctrination to convert the whole of the 'people's community' to their way of thinking.
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Who was Josef Goebbels? (1887-1945)
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Was unable to fight in WW1 due to a disablity in his leg. Became involved in Nazi Party in 1924. Edited a party newspaper called Volkisch Freight. Became Gauleiter of Berlin in 1926. Reich propaganda director in 1929. Achieved a doctorate in Philosophy.
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What Reich was he president of?
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Chamber and Culture
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How many subsidiary chambers was a president of?
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Seven: Press, Radio, Film, Literature, Theatre, Music and Fine Arts.
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What type of people did Goebbels not employ?
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'Politically unreliable' or 'Racially impure'.
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What party competed for control over Cultural policy?
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The Combat League for German Culture
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Who was it led by?
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Alfred Rosenburg
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What did they do?
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Aimed to purify German Culture of alien and modernist 'contamination'. Responsible for assaults on Jewish musicans writers etc.
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What were the methods of propaganda?
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Photographs, posters, Education, Music, Film, Radio, Newspapers, Parades and Public Spectacles, Theatre, Literature, Architecture, Painting and Sculpture
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What was the significance of Horst Wessel Platz?
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It was a reminder to the public of their 'matyr'. Showed he was a hero. Horst Wessel the transformation of an ordinary individual into a masculine role model for an entire generation.
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What was the Horst Wessel song?
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A song which Wessel composed which became one of the most popular marching songs for the SA after his death.
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What was a feature of Nazi Party Activity?
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Marches and Parades.
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What kind of parades did the Nazis do?
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Military style parades.
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Why did they put on parades?
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1. To raise its profile.
2. Intimidate opponents. 3. Create the impression of a large well supported disciplined organisation. |
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What was the Nazi Pamphlet called?
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Modern Political Propaganda.
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What did it state?
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'Good discipline as the best propaganda'
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What did the Nazis convey through marches and parades? |
A force of order and discipline in a society of chaos. |
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What was involved in marches and parades? |
Uniform and medals. Banners. Choreographed songs. Lightened torches in the night which was effective in capturing peoples attention. |
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What happened on the night of 30th January 1933 |
Hitler stood on the balcony of the Reich Chancellery to take the salute of 100,000 SA ad SS men marching past in a torchlight procession. |
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What did the event symbolise? |
The Nazis power and the start of a 'national revolution'.
The impression that the nation was united behind the new regime. |
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How were householders expected to show their support on National Holidays? |
Hanging out Swatstika flags from their windows. |
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How was compliance monitored? |
By Nazi Party 'block leaders'. |
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What would happen if householders failed to conform? |
Reported the the authorities and labelled 'politically unreliable'. |
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When was Hitlers birthday? |
20th April |
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When was the Nuremberg Rally? |
September. |
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Other key celebration dates in the Nazi Calender. |
Learn them. |
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Newspaper. |
Reich press chamber was established. Everyone involved in newspapers had to become members. |
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How many Jewish and Marxist journalists were dismissed by 1935? |
1300 Jewish and Marxist were dismissed from their jobs. Jobs depended on 'Race and Political Reliability'. |
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What did the DNB do? |
Held daily press conferences and gave details on what could and could not print. |
DNB=Deutsches Nachrichtenburo |
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How did the regime do to gain control over independent press? |
Put pressure on the independent press so they could fall into line, by using its control over official advertising and printing. |
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What happened to socialist and communist publishing houses? |
They were closed down. |
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What was the result of Nazis increasing their direct ownership of newspapers? |
Bland, conformist and boring newspapers. Circulation of newspapers declined. |
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The Frankfurter Zeitung |
Long established, liberal leaning newspaper. Took firm Anti-Nazi line in 1933. FZ was taken over by giant chemical company I.G Farben. Threatened closure if they did not toe the Nazi Party line. Forced to close in 1943. |
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Radio |
Enabled Hitler and Goebbels to speak to the people directly in their own homes. |
Powerful propaganda instrument. Goebbels took the steps to make radios more widely available. |
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What was the first radio model called? |
'30th January' it went on sale in 1933. Radio cost 78 Reichmarks. |
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What was the cheaper radio called? |
The Peoples Receiver, sold in 1938. Radio cost 35 Reichmarks. |
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How many households possessed a radio set by 1939? |
70% of households. The highest proportion anywhere in the world. |
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How many speeches did Hitler broadcast in 1933? |
50 speeches, broadcast over the radio. |
Goebbels realised too much of politics would alienate listeners and would become boring. |
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What did Goebbels concentrate on the Radio Broadcasts? |
Emphasis of Volksgenmeinscaft, race, blood and light entertainment. |
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Music. |
Weimar: Time for experimentation and diversity in German music. Influenced by American Jazz.
Nazis denounced foreign imports, espeically with Jazz with its roots in black American Culture. |
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What did Hitler believe? |
Hitler believed that art was an expression of race.
However, he found music difficult to control out of all the arts. |
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What Chamber was established? |
The Reich Music Chamber was established by the propaganda ministry with leading composer Richard Strauss as its president. |
Works by 19th Century German Jewish Composer Felix Mendelsohn were banned. |
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What was banned from being performed? |
Experimental music and Jazz banned from being performed, published or played on the radio. |
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What kind of music did the Nazis like? |
Volkisch operas which would arose patriotic and nationalist feeling through the depiction of German heroes from the past. |
Hitler was a big fan of Richard Wagner opera on mythical tales of Germany's heroic past. |
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Example |
Gottfried Mullers 'Requiem for German Heroes' performed in 1934 honouring Germany's war dead. |
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Nazis views on Music. |
1. Nazis showed consistent hostility to American popular music.
2. The Nazis had no clear policy on the kind of music they wished to promote. |
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Cinema |
Goebbels believed film could work on the sub-concious, delivering subliminal messages and reinforcing prejudices. |
Therefore, minima political films or it would be too serious=boring. |
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What did Goebbels see film as? |
A form of escapism, an oppurtunity to take German citizens away fromt he pressures of everyday life. |
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What did the Propaganda Ministry do to the four privately owned film companies? |
They were allowed to continue private ownership + PM bought shares in these companies and became their main financial sponsor. =Indirect ownership. |
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When was the Reich Film Chamber established? |
July 1933 to regulate content of films and employment within the industry. |
Goebbels made himself responsible for approving every film made in Germany after 1933. |
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What films were banned? |
American films except Disney Cartoons due to the popularity. Foreign films were not banned outright but were checked by the ministry for political + racial content. Films with a pacifist message. |
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How many films were produced between 1933-1945? |
1000+ feature films. And an increase in attendance. |
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What themes were present? |
14% of the films were political themed.
'Blood and Soil' was a common theme.
Demonising of communists + Jews. |
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The Triumph of the Will |
Documentary film made by actress and director Leni Riefenstahl. Ceebrated Hitler's will to lead the German people to regeneration and unity. |
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Education |
Nazis primary aim was to indoctrinate the nation's youth. |
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When was the Education Teachers League founded? |
1927. All school textbooks had to be analysed for ideological correctness. |
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What happened to the League in January 1933? |
There was a rapid increase in membership as teachers tried to protect their career prospects by joining. |
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How many members were there by 1936? |
97% of all school teachers. Membership was not compulsory. |
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What was the League responsible for? |
Political indoctrination of teachers. This was achieved by sending teachers on political courses. |
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What happened to teachers who voiced criticism? |
They were reported to the Gestapo by pupils, parents or other members of staff. |
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What Law were teachers covered by? |
The Law for Restoration of Professional Civil Service. |
Jewish teachers and politically unreliable were dismissed. |
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PE |
Promoting 'racial health' with strong emphasis on physical education. Military style drill became a feature of lessons. |
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English |
Emphasis on being German through the study of Nordic sagas and traditional stories. Essay writing on themes such as 'The Reich Labour Service' or 'The Jews are our Misfortune' |
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Biology |
Stress on race and heredity. Evolution and survival of the fittest. |
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Geography |
Lebestraum, blood + soil and German racial superiority. Atlas 'One people, One Reich' |
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Maths |
Calculations on the mentally ill and Jews. |
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Girls |
Study needlework and home craft to prepare them as home makers. |
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Sex Education |
Was banned. Emphasis on moral messages that they had a duty to produce as many children as possible. |
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Censorship |
Nazis did not permit the expression of any alternative viewpoints or any criticism to the regime. Free expression was seen as a threat to the community of unity and co-ordination. |
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What did the Nazis impose? |
'Culutral Autarky' where the German people would be sheltered from outside influences and in which only the Nazis version of reality would be heard. |
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Communists and Socialist Bans |
Preventing them from publishing any newspapers, books or pamphlets. |
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Newspapers and Radio |
PM issued detailed instructions on what could and could not be reported. |
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Newspaper Editors |
Given responsibility for what their newspapers reported. Threat of penalties. Practised Self Censorship. |
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Literature |
PM developed a list of damaging and undesirable literature. Police were given power to seize. |
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Film |
PM viewed scripts before films were made. |
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State + Party Organisations Responsibilities of Censorship. |
1. Criminal Police, SD intelligence agency and Gestapo= Power to search bookshops, libraries and confiscate banned publications.
2. Local authorities. 3. Interior Ministry. 4. Supreme Censorship for Dirty and Trashy Literature. 5. Combat League for German Culture led by Alfred Rosenburg. 6. SA, Hilter Youth, Nazi Students Organisation helped in Ceremonial book burning. |
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The Effectiveness of Propaganda and Indoctrination. |
The Nazi regime place great emphasis on propaganda and the effort to indoctrinate the German population into the Nazi Weltanschaung. |
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Why did the Nazis carry out occasional plebiscites? |
To demonstrate support of the Nazis. However, since there were no free elections they cannot be regarded as evidence of support. |
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What factors determined the attitudes of Germans towards the regime? |
Age, Class, Occupation, Religion. |
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What group was Nazi Propaganda and Indoctrination most successful? |
When it was aimed at the young whose opinions were not yet strongly formed. |
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Aristocratic, Old Conservatives. |
Shared the same Nazis beliefs in the need for order and their anti-democratic sentiments. There was noticeable reluctance to swallow radical elements in Nazi Ideology. |
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Germany's Middle Class. |
Shared the hostility to communism and socialism and were susceptible to the propaganda message. |
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Anti-semitisim and Nationalist Resentment. |
Towards the Treaty of Versailles ran through al classes and the Nazis were able to reinforce these attitudes through their propaganda. |
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When was Propaganda and Indoctrination most successful? |
When it buit on existing beliefs and values. |
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When was Propaganda and Indoctrination least successful? |
When it challenged deeply held beliefs such as religion. |
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