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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are 5 important dates in Germany that fall on Nov. 9th?
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-Apptication of the Kaiser
-Kristalnacht -Fall of the Berlin Wall -Birth of the Weimar Republic -Beer hall putsch |
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The 68 Generation
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The generation of Germans that grew up after the war and began to question just what their parents did during the war. They wanted to find out as much about the war and why things got to the point that they did.
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Gotterdammerung
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"Twilight of the Gods"- a violent collapse of society. The allies tighten their battle noose, and Hitler becomes a recluse. The battle of race and space doesn't fit in with the rest of the world, and Germany lacks good leadership.
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The White Rose
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A non violent/intellectual resistance group made up of medical and university students who distributed pamphlets across Germany. Ultimately sentenced to death for treason. Question of young German women "What could I have done?"
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Swing Kids and Edelweiss Pirates
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Students (14-18) who wanted to celebrate their youth and American and British music. Their form of protest was not conforming to Nazi ideals. The Edelweiss Pirates were working class kids who avoided the Hitler Youth by dropping out of school. They protested gender segregation and were active in sabotage.
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Kreisau Circle and the Confessing Church.
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Made up of conservatives, aristocracy, and Junkers. The disliked the ideals of Nazism, and contributed a lot of money to the July Plot. The Confessing Church was founded in 1933, and consisted of Pastors disassociated with Nazism.
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Herschel Grynspan
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finds out that his parents are stripped of their visas and marched into Poland, and kills a random German representative at the embassy. The German dies, and Kristalnacht ensues.
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Mordechai Rumkowski
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Chairman of the Lodz Ghetto. Wanted to make the Ghetto as productive as possible, thus making it useful with more asset and less deportation. 1942- the first five months- 50,000 deported.
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City of Lodz
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A ghetto 79 miles out of Warsaw with over 40,000 Jews pushed in. It was a key industrial area prior to the war, which led it to be a major asset. By August of 1942, many factories were built.
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Warsaw
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Made up about 30% of Jewish population. Was decreed as a ghetto in October of 1940 and sealed off by November. The population of the ghetto increases as the Jews of surrounding towns are pushed in, making it the largest Jewish population in Poland and Europe.
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The Reisenstadt
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A ghetto for old Jews in Czechoslovakia. The Nazis wanted a workforce in Eastern Europe and wondered what to do with the old and the veterans. It was supposed to be the ideal ghetto.
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Ghettos
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A portion of a town where the Jews were restricted and settled to so they could be watched more closely. Not a Nazi invention (Venitian) They were marked by the yellow starts that they were forced to wear. Trying to keep some form of routine, the SS had the Jews work on farms and markets. The concept of concentration camps came from the ghettos.
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Three Types of Ghettos: Closed- Warsaw (most were closed). Were closed off with barbed wire and walls. Suffered from overcrowding, starvation, diseases, the elements, and inadequate housing.
Open Ghettos- No walls or fences, but were still confined. Destruction Ghetto-(tightly sealed) Nothing went in or out for two weeks until they were all rounded up. |
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The Jewish Council of Elders
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-They were the negotiation force between SS and citizens
-Carried out Nazi rules -Sought to help community -Often confrontational cause they had implement Nazi laws (favoritism) -Often had to deal with the deportation of members |
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Adolf Eichmann(1906-1962)
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-Head of the resettlement
-Responsible for keeping trains going to death camps -Austria everyone who wanted to leave he had the say -Extortion -Forced deportation -Minor part official until 1944 -Tracked down in Argentina -His trial gave a chance for Jews to talk about their experiences |
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War Kinder-Transports
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British lead by children transports, 10 thousand children from Austria, Czechoslovakia , Germany, sent various places, Jews had to pay, agreed by house of commons
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-Age of under 17
-Scotland, Wales, Ireland -Some miss treated, but others were treated well -Once 18 they boys tried to fight the Nazi -Most never saw their Parents -25% made it to U.S. Canada -Big picture- Germans allowed it cause still got rid of the Jews -Madagascar- sent Jews there, not caring if they survived (could add weight to functionalist) |
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The Jager Report
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Karl Jäger, commander of Einsatzkommando 3, a killing unit of Einsatzgruppen A which was attached to Army Group North during the Operation Barbarossa. It is the most precise surviving chronicle of the activities of one individual Einsatzkommando. A tally sheet.
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The report documents exact date and place of the massacres, number of victims and their breakdown into categories (Jews, communists, criminals, etc.). In total, there were over 100 executions in 71 different locations.[1] On 1 February 1942, Jäger updated the totals to 136,421 Jews (46,403 men, 55,556 women and 34,464 children), 1,064 Communists, 653 mentally disabled, and 134 others
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The Einsatzgruppen
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Mobile killing units/precursor to the death camps. Formed by Reinhard Heydreich.
-Born out of the T4 -Not part of the conventional military -Before War with Poland and Russia they were a basic guard force -Responsible for liquidation in occupied areas (commis, jews, senti-roma) -Responsible for collecting gold, and clothes from prisoners, hair -Are guessed to be responsible of 1.5 to 2 million of the Deaths |
-Army said they were separate from the Einsat- later found that it worked closely
-6th divisions in Poland 1939-1942, 4 that go into Russia -Bureaucracy shown again in the organization Goes back to the many layers -Leadership represented the intellectual elite -Himmler faced the more jews that were adapted when attacked Poland -Himmler creates the Gruppen Sept three weeks after attack -Gruppen followed the army who gained land, and they cleansed it -Really associated with invasion of Russia -Begging in Poland it was not specific on Jews, but in Russia it was made evident |
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Babi Yar
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-Take over government
-Order to bring in the Jews -Secret police set up -Marched to the Revine -2 days of killing 33,000 -Huge psychological toll from massacres -Especially when started with women and children -This lead to finding an alternative way of eliminating people -started it with use of gas vans, and explosion (started in asylum) -Blowing up inefficient, and still took a toll -Looks for options T4 although small (cause sent doctors already) suggested gas van -Could lead to the idea it was a functionalist idea -Van didn’t work as well cause driver fatigue, cleanup, axl, leaking, did not last very long -These failed experiment lead to the idea to bring prey to death not go to prey to kill |
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The T-4 Program
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-4 centers
-Established in October 39 by Hitler -Goal to remove undesirable -Start first with the children, to adults -This is where they perfected their killing methods, injections, gas chambers, gas buses -The same chemicals used in Hadamar are the same in concentration camps -A lot of the doctors get moved east to death camps |
• Joseph Mengele
-Doctor in Auschwitz- twin research -Children were especially used as test subjects -Experiments -High altitude experiments at Dachau -Liked to use young polish prisoners -Cold water experiments -How to revive, and how long they could survive during hyperthermia -Both used to help with airforce -Starvation and endurance testing |
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Kristallnacht
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Kristallnacht was triggered by the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a German-born Polish Jew. In a coordinated attack on Jewish people and their property, 91 Jews were murdered and 25,000 to 30,000 were arrested and placed in concentration camps. 267 synagogues were destroyed and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. This was done by the Hitler Youth, Gestapo, SS.[2] Kristallnacht also served as a pretext and a means for the wholesale confiscation of firearms from German Jews
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The Wannsee Conference
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was a meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942. The purpose of the conference was to inform administrative leaders of Departments responsible for various policies relating to Jews, that Reinhard Heydrich had been appointed as the chief executor of the "Final solution to the Jewish question".
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