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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Evidence |
Anything that helps to ascertain the truth of a matter, or gives proof of a fact in an investigation. May be physical or testimonial. |
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Physical Evidence |
Includes any object, material, or data gathered to establish facts relevant to a specific crime or incident |
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Testimonial Evidence |
Includes documented written or verbal statements typically collected during interviews or LE interrogations conducted during a LE investigation |
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Locard's principal of change |
Physical evidence is exchanged anytime two objects make contact with each other. |
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Protection Efforts |
Collected evidence and subsequent analysis can enable protection efforts by identifying threats and enabling commanders to implement measures to mitigate hostile actions against U.S. personnel, resources, facilities, and critical information. |
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Targeting Actions |
Timely collection and analysis of evidence results in targeting of criminal elements in conjunction with ongoing LE investigations or targeting, using lethal and nonlethal means, against threat elements in contingency operations |
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Sourcing Actions |
Collection of evidence and subsequent forensic analysis can be fused with other information obtained through LE or intelligence channels to increase the situational understanding of criminal networks. This enables further investigation and targeting to disrupt, interdict, apprehend, or eliminate criminal elements. |
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Medical processes |
Medical examiners conduct autopsies to identify individuals and determine the cause and manner of death. The recovery of forensic materials can enable research and analysis by Armed Forces MEs to increase knowledge regarding Army deaths and identify trends and preventative risk factors. |
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Admissibility of evidence in court is dependent on |
Whether the evidence is relevant, obtained legally, and whether positive control has been maintained to ensure that the evidence has been protected or altered |
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Exclusionary rule |
Evidence obtained as a result of an unlawful search or seizure which violated the Fourth Amendment; Any derivative evidence obtained as a result of an unlawful search |
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Criteria for a Fourth Amendment Violation |
-Intrusion into an area where a person has a reasonable expectation of privacy, such as a home, personal belongings, car, desk, lockers, personal computers and cell phones, and on one's person |
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Search |
An examination, authorized by law, of a specific person, property, or area for specified evidence or property or of a specific person for the purpose of seizing such property, evidence, or person. |
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Seizure |
The taking of property from the possessor by an authorized person or the restriction of freedom of movement of an individual against their will by an agent of the government |
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Exceptions to Search Authorizations |
Consent search, search incident to lawful apprehension, operable vehicle search, exigent circumstances, medical emergencies, plain view, investigative stops "Terry Stops" |
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Search incident to lawful apprehension may be conducted for |
Weapons or destructible evidence. Includes the surrounding area in which the person being apprehended could reasonably reach with a sudden movement to obtain a weapon or evidence. |
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LE personnel may search a vehicle subsequent to apprehension when: |
-They have a valid search authorization or consent to search -It's reasonable to believe that the apprehended individual's vehicle contains evidence of the offense that led to the arrest -Officer has probable cause to believe that there is evidence of a crime concealed within the vehicle, assuming the vehicle is readily mobile |
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Exigent circumstances |
A compelling reason to search immediately rather than wait for authorization exists |
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Plain-view Doctrine |
-The LE officer is lawfully present -The item is immediately recognizable as contraband -The item may lawfully be reached from the LE officer's location |
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Investigative Stops |
A brief detention of a persona when Army LE personnel have reasonable suspicion of criminal activity |
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Purple-topped tubes |
Tubes that contain K2EDTA, an anticoagulant used for when whole blood is needed for analysis. This tube is required for DNA analysis |
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Gray-topped tubes |
Tubes that contain sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate. Sodium fluoride is an antibacterial and prevents enzymes in the blood from working. Potassium oxalate is an anticoagulant. This tube is required for toxicology examinations to determine the content of substances in the blood such as alcohol, drugs, or chemicals. |
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Specific types of biological evidence |
Blood, seminal fluid (semen), saliva, perspiration, vaginal fluids, hairs, tissue |
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Hair collection methods |
Picking, using adhesive tape, combing and representative samples, vacuuming |
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CODIS |
Combined Deoxyribonucleic Acid Index System- a database of DNA profiles with existing profiles in the database |
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Six Categories within the CODIS |
Forensic index, convicted offender index, unidentified human remains index, arrestee index, missing persons index, biological relatives of the missing persons index |
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Toxicology Time Limits |
24 hours for alcohol, and 72 hours for drugs |
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Blood Specimen Requirement |
14 to 21 milliliters in gray-topped specimen tubes |
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Urine Specimen Requirement |
50 to 70 Milliliters in a standard sealed specimen cup |
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Search |
Examination, authorized by law, of a specific person, property, or area for specified evidence or property or of a specific person for the purpose of seizing such property, evidence, or person. |
