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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heritability Estimates
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measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors. This is done by using kinship studies whereby characteristics of family members are compared with one-another.
Example: identical twins (who share all their genes) vs. fraternal twins (who share only some). Studies of intelligence – correlations between the scores of identical twins are consistently higher than those of fraternal twins. |
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Concordance Rate
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refers to percentage of instances in which both twins show a trait when it is present in one twin. Mainly used in the study of emotional and behavioural disorders which can be judged as either present or absent. Studies of schizophrenia – concordance between identical twins is much higher than between fraternal twins.
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Canalization
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is the tendency of heredity to restrict the development of some characteristics to just one or a few outcomes. Our genotype may set limits on our developmental process and physical abilities.
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Passive gene-environment correlation
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the kind of the home environment that parents provide for their children is influenced partly the by parents’ genotypes. Because parents provide children not only with a home environment but also with their genes, the rearing environments to which children are exposed are correlated (and are likely to suit) their genotypes.
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Evocative gene-environment correlation
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a child’s genotype also evokes certain kinds of reactions from other people. For example, a happy go lucky child may be sought more often as a playmate by other children, and a sociable adolescent may be invited to more parties.
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Active gene-environment correlation
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children’s genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek (“niche picking”). The individual with a genetic predisposition to be extraverted is likely to seek parties, invite friends to the house, etc. On the other-hand, the child with genes for shyness may actively avoid large group and instead develop solitary interests.
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