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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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myotome |
body musculature epaxial-dorsal hypaxial-ventral derived from epaxial |
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sclerotome |
form vertebrae |
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hypomere |
ventral unsegmented divides inner and outer layers somatic mesoderm splanchic mesoderm coelum nephrotomes |
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somatic mesoderm |
outer layer outer peritoneum appendicular skeleton |
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splanchic mesoderm |
inner layer gut and cardiac muscles blood and blood vessels connective tissue inner peritoneum |
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coelum |
space between layers |
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nephrotomes |
intermediate mesoderm links somite to lateral plate form kidneys, archinephric duct and gonads |
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after mesodermal diversification |
organogenesis tissues differentiate organs and organ systems emerge |
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wandering cells |
mesenchyme cells establish germinal cells blood cells and vessels glands some skeletal components(distal limbs) peripheral nerves |
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connective tissue types |
collagen elastin keratin |
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collagen |
fibrous, strong, inelastic tendons and ligaments scaffolding |
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elastin |
more flexibility, recoil bladder and heart |
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keratin |
dense somewhat to very rigid nails feathers hair beaks claws hooves scales |
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integument consists of |
skin and all derivatives epidermis dermis hypodermis melanocytes sensory receptors |
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epidermis |
outer layer, ectodermal origin |
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dermis |
deeper layer mesodermal and neural crest tissue |
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hypodermis |
deepest layer, mesodermal origin connective tissue over muscles;subcutaneous fat deposition |
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melanocytes |
pigmentation |
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sensory receptors |
temperature, pain, pressure |
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mineralized tissues |
cartilage enamel and dentine enameloids cementum bone |
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cartilage found in |
cartilagenous fish some fossil jawless fishes |
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enamel and dentine |
teeth and some primitive scales highly mineralized |
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dentine from |
odontoblasts |
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enamel from |
amyloblasts |
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enameloids |
similar to enamel but produced by mesodermal cells found in primitive fish |
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cementum |
bonelike material anchors teeth especially in mammals may contribute to tooth structure |
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bone |
often replaces cartilage osteocytes from mesoderm remain vascularized when mature |
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types of bone |
dermal endochondrial teeth |
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dermal bone forms |
without cartilagenous precursor earlist type-jawless fishes usually formed around body |
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endochondrial bone |
formed from cartilagenous precursors endoskeleton |
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teeth form from |
dental papillae earliest form-odontodes dental armour |
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tooth anatomy |
central pulp cavity dental layer outermost enamel or enameloid layer |
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skeletomuscular system progression in development |
notocord and pharyngeal skeleton cranium next dermal skeleton axial skeleton appendicular skeleton |
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cranial skeleton 3 parts |
chondocranium splanchocranium dermatocranium |
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chondocranium |
cartilage case for brain |
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splanchocranium |
gill supports |
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dermatocranium |
bony outer covering from skin |
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cranial musculature |
extrinsic branchiomeric |
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extrinsic cranial musculature |
associated with the eyes six muscles except hag innervated by somatic motor neurons |
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branchiomeric cranial musculature |
associated with splanchocranium movement of gill arches feeding respiration through suction innervated by cranial nerves |
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axial skeleton and musculature |
notochord in primitive forms vertebral column-derived notochord- centra and intervertebral discs-all rest mesodermal tissue |
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axial muscles have |
repetition of myomeres each extends over body segments allowing for undulation primitive="v" more advanced="w" |
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locomotion |
all serial contractions of muscles- primitive is undulatory tetrapods many modification |
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energy aquisition types |
filter feeders or bulk feeders |
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bulk feeders process |
mechanical/chemical processing peristalsis(enzymes, chemicals added) primitive=little differentiation of regions-cloaca |
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respiratory |
primitive-diffusion later-not effective-developed specializations gills and lungs with large surface area |
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cardiovascular system purpose |
rapid delivery of nutrients and oxygen and rapid elimination of wastes |
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blood |
plasma water plus dissolved proteins other solutes cellular components |
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cellular components of blood |
erythrocytes leukocytes thrombocytes platelets |
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erythrocytes |
have hemoglobin, carry oxygen, nucleated in most except mammals |
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leukocytes |
white cells bodily defenses |
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thrombocytes |
promote clotting |
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platelets |
cellular derivatives produced from fragmented mature cells |
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lower fish vertebrate cardio system |
two chambers atrium-ventricle-gill capillaries-systemic very weak blood pressure |
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terrestrial tetrapods lungs added cardio system amphibians and reptiles |
two atria-right systemic, left pulmonary blood-one ventricle mixing of blood |
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advanced cardio system in birds and mammals |
four chambered two separate pump/collection systems |
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excretory system important for |
waste removal (especially nitrogenous) water and mineral balance |
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fish and amphibians excretory system |
skin, gills, kidney involved |
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amniote tetrapods excretory |
kidneys most important |
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Embryos of all vert excretory |
three part kidney: pronephros mesonephros metanephros |
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pronephros |
first part to develop and anterior most part and first to have function role-most functional in embryos |
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mesonephros |
important in fish and amphibians combines with metanephros to make opisthonephros |
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metanephros |
only functional part in amniotes |
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gonads derived from |
mesoderm gametic precursors=endoderm and migrate into gonads |
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parthenogenesis |
unisexual-eggs dont need fertilizationf fishes amphibians reptiles |
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gonads |
paired in jawed vertebrates upaired in jawless internal in abdominal cavity unless scrotal testes in mammals seasonably variable in some |
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jawless gonads |
no specialized ducts gametes move through body cavity to archinephric duct |
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jaw gonads |
specialized ducts male sperm released into archinephric duct female egg into coelem pciked up bu oviduct |
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oviduct |
picks up egg from coelem produces yolk and shell |
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oviparous |
eggs laid external to mom |
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oviparous external fertilization |
aquatic eggs and sperm released to environment outer layer of egg gelatinous |
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oviparous internal fertilization |
mostly terrestrial birds and reptiles shell added usually |
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ovoviviparous |
eggs retained internally fertilized in oviduct no maternal supply shell added |
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viviparous |
fertilized in oviduct no shell added |
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axons covered in |
myelin sheath which enhances transmission |
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saltatory conduction |
node to node |
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variable input of signaling due to |
frequency of impulses not intensity-intensity all the same |
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CNS |
brain and spinal cord |
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PNS
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sensory input and motor output |
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Peripheral nervous system subdivisions |
somatic visceral |
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somatic |
voluntary-primarily innervates skeletal muscle both sensory and motor |
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visceral |
involuntary innervates smooth and cardiac muscle also many glands |
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sympathetic autonomic NS |
activator of most things fight or flight |
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parasympathetic autonomic NS |
inhibitor of most things Activator of GI tract |
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number of cranial nerves in non amniotes |
10 pairs |
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number of cranial nerves in amniotes |
12 pairs |
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brain begins as tripartite structure |
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain |
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Forebrain has two parts |
telencephalon diencephalon |
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telencephalon |
primitive-olfactory mire derived-outgrowth cerebrum |
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diencephalon |
relay region nervous portions of pit pineal hypothalamus |
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mesencephalon |
midbrain visual centers tectum-receives input from optic nerves |
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metencephalon |
origin of cerebellum coordination regulates muscle activity |
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myencephalon |
medulla oblongata basic regulatory functions respiratory auditory inner balance continuous with spinal cord |
