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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adaptation |
A trait that increases an organism's fitness and that is the result of the process of natural selection for its present function. (p. 72) |
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Antagonistic pleiotropy |
alleles that are beneficial in one environment are deleterious in another (p. 82) |
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Coevolution |
The process in which evolutionary changes to traits in species 1 drive changes to traits in species 2, which feed back to affect traits in species 1, and so on, back and forth, over evolutionary time. (p. 88) |
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Differential reproductive success |
individuals with the most favorable variation are more successful at surviving and reproducing |
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Evolutionary arms race
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A form of coevolution in which the species involved each evolve countermeasures to the adaptations of the others; most often associated with host - pathogen and predator - prey coevolution. (p. 88) |
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Exaptation |
A trait that currently serves one function today but that evolved from a trait that served a different function in the past. (p. 73) ex: feathers in birds; originally for warmth, now aids in flying |
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Gene duplication
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A new duplicate copy of a gene that is produced by mutation. (p. 95)
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Gene sharing
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The phenomenon in which a protein has more than one function and is expressed in more than one part of the body. (p. 95)
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Inheritance |
some of variation is heritable (p. 63) |
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Life history strategy
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The way that an organism invests time and resources into survivorship and reproduction over its lifetime. (p. 74)
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Marker gene
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A neutral gene with readily observable phenotypic consequences that can be used to track different experimental lines -- for example, in microbial evolution experiments, such genes can be used to track different bacterial strains. (p. 79)
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Norm of reaction |
A curve that represents the phenotype expressed by a given genotype as a function of environmental conditions. (p. 64)
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Pleiotropic genes
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Genes that affect more than a single trait. (p. 83)
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Trade-off |
A situation in which constraints prevent simultaneously optimizing two different characters or two different aspects of a character. (p. 74)
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Variation |
individuals in a population differ from one another (p. 63) |
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necessary components for natural selection |
variation, inheritance and differential reproductive success |
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fitness |
the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment |
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ways to study natural selection in the field (and in the lab) |
measure: natural selection: variation, inheritance, differential reproductive success observe: change in heritable traits; evolution (experimental evolution) |
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the evolution of coat color in old field mice measure |
variation: within and b/w populations inheritance: mutations in two different genes can each produce light colored mice differential reproductive success: light mice get attacked less in a light environment and dark mice get attacked less in a dark environment |
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the evolution of coat color in old field mice observation |
natural history collections allow for the observation of changes in coat color in a particular environment |
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importance of the coat color in old field mice |
coat color is an adaptation |
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why E. coli are a good model for evolution in the lab |
they can be frozen and preserved in a particular state |
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correct responses to common misconceptions about natural selection (part 1) |
natural selection acts on individuals, but its consequences occur in populations natural selection acts on phenotypes, but evolution consists of changes in allele frequencies natural selection is not forward looking |
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correct responses to common misconceptions about natural selection (part 2) |
new traits can evolve even though natural selection acts on existing traits natural selection does not lead to perfection natural selection is not random natural selection is not progressive |
