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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is endogenetic energy and the two types?
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energy from within the Earth, internal heat (radioactive decay) and gravity
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What is exogenetic energy and the two types?
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energy from outside earth, cosmic impactors and solar energy
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What was the giant landmass called 225 million years ago?
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Pangaea
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Name the 4 spheres of the Earth.
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Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere
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What is the formula to calculate risk?
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Hazard x Vulnerability
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Name examples of megaperils.
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Mega-volcano, cosmic impactors
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What is the focus?
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zone of rupture (earthquake) Also known as hypocentre
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What is the epicentre?
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place on Earth's surface above focus
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What is a seismic gap?
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Area of active fault with little seismicity (magnitude of earthquake acidity in given area)
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What are the four types of earthquake waves?
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Body waves, surface waves, love waves, Rayleigh waves
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How does the Richter scale measure earthquakes?
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Ground shaking amplitude and energy radiated from focus
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How does the Mercalli Scale measure earthquakes?
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damage and human perception
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Where are volcanoes located?
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at plate margins
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Describe the spreading plate margins (basaltic) volcano setting.
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gentle outpourings of lava from tissues, mostly underwater except for Iceland
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Describe the sub ducting plate margins (andesitic) volcano setting.
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ocean floor is created at mid-ocean ridges. since earth has constant volume, when new floor is created, other floor must be destroyed. slabs of the ocean floor forced down into ocean trenches and then into mantle, where they melt.
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Describe the intra-plate (basalic) volcanic setting.
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hotspots form above hot, mantle upwellings ex. Hawaii
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Describe the silicic volcano setting.
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partial melting of continental crust, magma high in silica, very couscous and very explosive, hole in ground surrounded by ash
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Name the different hazard types from volcanoes.
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Ballistics (large blocks), Pyroclastic flows (ash flows), lahars (mud flows), lava, gases (heat, poisons, loss of crops)
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Name the 6 types of mass movements.
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creep, slump, slide, flow, fail, avalanche
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Name the two types of soil erosion.
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water, wind
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What is eutrophication?
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excess nutrients creating blooms of algae/other platens that consume oxygen
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Why is eutrophication bad?
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the plants consume oxygen when they decay, lowering the level of o2 in streams that fish and other animals need
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What are some alternatives to too little phosphorus?
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human waste, pig by-products, poultry
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What is e waste?
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equipment that uses electrical components, such as fridges, washing machines, computers, cell phones
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Why do tornadoes form mostly in the US?
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US has strong regional circulation patterns
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Define risk assessment.
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process for evaluation risk associated with a particular hazard and defined in terms of probability and frequency of occurrence, magnitude and severity, exposure and consequences
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What is catastrophe loss modeling used for?
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disaster planning, insurance.
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Where does hail normally occur in Australia?
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"thunderstorm belt" -Sydney, Brisbane, Darwin, Perth
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How does the Torro Scale categorize hail?
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Diameter, kinetic energy, typical damage
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What and when was the Federation Drought?
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1895-1903, lost >40% of cattle and half of sheep
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Name the vulnerability of building materials from least to greatest susceptibility to hail damage.
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steel, tiles, fibro, slate, aluminum
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What is epidemiology?
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study of health, deaths, and disease of a population
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Define disease
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an abnormal condition of organism that impairs bodily functions
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Define endemic
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common diseases occurring at a constant but relatively high level within the population (e.g. malaria
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Define epidemic.
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disease prevalent amount a community. rapid onset, short duration
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Define outbreak.
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local regional epidemic.
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Define pandemic.
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global epidemic
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Define morbidity
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general level of sickness within a population that leads to difficulty to perform normal social or economic functions.
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What equation is used to find "rate of spread"?
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density of susceptibly x density of infectious
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When was the Bubonic Plague? Where? How many died? How was it transmitted? What are the symptoms? Can we battle this today?
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1340s pandemic. 50-75 million died. Transmitted thru fleas. Swelling and hemorrhage of lymph nodes, then pneumonia or septicemia. Yes, by antibiotics.
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When was the spanish flu? How many died?
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1918-1919. 22-50 million dead.
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What causes malaria? What are the symptoms? How many die per year? Where are these deaths occurring?
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Plasmodium parasite transmitted by mosquitos. They multiply in live and infects red blood cells. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting. 1.5-2.7 die per year, 91% in sub-Saharan Africa
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What is the Corilois effect?
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force which causes moving objects to deviate to the left in the southern hemisphere and to the right in the northern
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Where on a globe are tropical cyclones usually located?
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15-20 degrees N and S of equator. form where the water is the warmest
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What is the typical diameter, air pressure, winds, and speed of forward motion of tropical cyclone?
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diameter = 300 to 1500 km
air pressure= >1000 hPa on edge, 870-950 in "eye" winds= 30 km/hr on edge, 240 km/hr in "eye" Speed = 40 km/hr |
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What is the Saffir Simpson scale?
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1-5 ranking using either central pressure, wind speed, or ocean surge
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What scale does Australia use to measure tropical cyclones?
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Australian cyclone severity scale
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What are the conditions needed for a tropical cyclone to form?
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sea surface 26 degrees C at least 50 m depth, warm supersaturated air 10 km above sea level, strong coriolis, still wings for heigh of storm
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Define disaster.
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threat to public safety or health where government services are unable to meet the immediate needs of the community
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Define hazard
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potential threat to public health or safety
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Define capacity
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ability to manage an emergency
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What factors determine vulnerability?
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access to health care, vaccination coverage, under 5 years old nutrition and mortality rate, access to safe water, sanitation, housing, access to income, literacy rates
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Define mitigation
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reducing or eliminating the likelihood of a hazard
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What are the three types of impacts? Describe.
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human dimension (dead/missing people, injury, disease), social (security, loss of income, loss of property, lack of essential services), Environmental (contamination, disease)
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What is lighting?
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charge separation at droplet
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What are the 7 types of lighting?
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intracloud, cloud to cloud, cloud to ground, elves, red spirites, blue jets, gigantic jets
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What are the side effect of getting hit by lighting?
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damage to central nervous system, cardiac rest, hearing loss, loss of eyesight, muscle/ligament tearing.
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What starts a tsunami?
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abrupt displacement of water (caused by earthquake, mass movement, disturbance)
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What controls ho wlarge a tsunami is?
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distance from source to impact, water depth offshore, slope of sea floor, shape of coastline, on shore topography and vegetation
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Worst area in Australia for tsunamis?
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western
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Where are the high risk areas for bush fires?
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southeastern Aussie, southweast Aus, west coast of US
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What are the impacts of bush fires on the environment?
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damaged forest, loss of growth habitat, deaths of native animals, change in vegetation structure, loss of life, damage to agriculture, loss of property
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Define flood
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a body of water that rises to over flow land which is not normally submerged
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What are the three types of flood?
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slow onset (inland river), short onset (mountain/coastal), rapid onset (flash flood)
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What two things do storms needs?
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low level moist air, means of initiating uplift
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What are the 3 stages of a storm's life?
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Cumulus, Marue, disspation
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