Natural Flora

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symbiosis

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species living together intimately. this is a general term that does not describe how these organisms exists.

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mutualism

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a coexistence in which both species are benefited. ex. humans and e.coli

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commensalism

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a coexistence in which one species gains benefit and the other is neither helped nor harmed. ex. humans and staph

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pathogen/parasite

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a coexistence in which one species gains benefit and the other is harmed.

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opportunist

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a situation in which an organism that is usually mutualistic or commensalistic becomes pathogenic. ex. e.coli in the urinary tract or staph

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abiotic factors

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determine where certain microorganisms can live. these factors are conditions are temperature, pH, moisture availability and nutrients.

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community structure

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different species that live in a given area. these species interact on different levels and one result can be one species controlling the numbers of other species.

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overgrow

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a species increase in numbers.

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pH 5.6 + dry conditions

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abiotic factors that affect what grows on the skin.

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transients

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sweat which high in salt selects for salt tolerance. ex.staph, aureus, epidermis, and micrococcus.

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gram + cocci

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lack of moisture selects for gram + cocci that are the most resistant to dehydration.

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lysozyme

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an enzyme that destroys cells by lysing them, is found in tears.

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no natural flora (eye)

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the eye is free of any mircoorganisms

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strep. mutans, strep. sanguis

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these bacteria use the carbohydrates that are leftover after we have eaten to fuel metabolism. as then metabolize, by-products are created that decalcied the enamel of teeth, as a result, cavity is formed.

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no natural flora (stomach, upper small intestines)

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thia area is normally free of any mircoorganisms because of the low pH (about 2)

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filter for lower RT

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nose

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normal soil and airborn bacteria (upper RT)

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flora

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no natural flora (lower RT)

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under normal circumstances there is no natural flora.

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afibrile coryza
(common head cold)

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cause:rhinovirus, approx 90 diff kinds, each causes diff cold. infects: sinuses, upper throat

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strep throat

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cause:streptococcus pyogenes. infects: tonsils and pharynx. symptoms:infected area red and swollen, high temp, white blood count up

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impetigo

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cause:streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus aureus. transmission:airborne or touch fluid of blisters. entry:respiratory tract, travels via blood to skin. Symptoms: fluid filled this walled blisters, after they dry, amber crust forms condition more ugly than dangerous. most cases, pigmentation of skin perm lost.

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small pox

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cause:variolla virus. transmission:airborne or contact w/ fluid blisters. Entry:respiratory tract, travels via lymph to skin. Symptoms: at skin forms rash that develops into blisters, blisters 1st seen in mouth and throat, fluid of blisters contain active viruses, can cause dmg to internal organs.

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chicken pox

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cause:varicella-zoster virus varicella -- chicken pox, zoster - shingles. transmission;airborne or contact w/fluid from blisters. entry:respiratory tract. to lymph then skin. symptoms: similar to small pox. disease in children, rare in adults.

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measles, red

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cause:rubeolla virus(paramyxovirus). transmission:airborne. entry:respiratory tract, to lymph to skin. symptoms:1st high fever, coughing, eyes sensitive to light, appearance of koplick spots.

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german measles

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cause:rubella virus. transmission:airborne. entry:respiratory tract, to lymph to skin. symptoms:lower fever then red measels, rash.

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mumps

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cause:mumps virus (paramyxovirus). transmission:airborne, saliva or aerosol droplet. Infects:invades cells of oropharynx->blood->parotid saliva glands. symptoms:parotid glands swell, jowls enlarge.

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meningitis

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cause:neissaria meningococcus, haemophilus, viral, ameboid. transmission:bacterial and viral is airborne, ameboid is waterborne. entry:bacterial and viral by respiratory tract to blood to brain ameboid via sinuses to blood to brains. symptoms:gradual fever, headache, stiff neck, vomitting, convulsions, delirium.

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diphtheria

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cause:corynebacterium diphtheriae. transmission:airborne. symptoms:fever, sore throat, greyish-white membrane on tonsils and throat, further infection can dmg heart, inflammation of several nerves and kidneys.

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pneumonia

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cause:streptococcus pneumoniae, klebsiella pneumoniae, mycoplasms. Transmission:airborne. Infects:lining of lungs. symptoms;fluid build-up to rid lungd of infectant, chest paid, cough, much sputum. side effects: get into blood cause septicemia,very dangerous. klebsiella-type in individuals w/ supressed immune systems(alcholics) mycoplasms-walking pneumonia, not as severe but have to treat with tetracycline.

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influenza

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cause:orthomyxoviruses. infects:upper and lower respiratory tracts. symptoms:fever, aches, malaise

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pertusis (whooping cough)

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cause:bortetlla pertusis. infects:ciliated cells of lungs. transmission:airborne. symptoms:violent cough, much sputum.

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tuberculosis

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cause:mycobacterium tuberculosis. transmission:airborne. symptoms:weight loss, cough, much sputum produce lesions on lung wall, when heal form scars, hard to treat, combine antibiotic and chemotherapeutic drug.

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dental caries

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cause:Strep. Mutans, Sterp. Sanguis.
the bacteria enter w/ things that are eaten, as bacteria metabolize the carbohydrates left over produce and excrete material that causes enamel of teeth to demineralize and cavity is formed. prevention: brush, floss, mouthwash, see dentist, chew gum after meals.

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hepititis

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cause:virus type A,B,C,D,E and G. virus infects liver and causes inflammation. Symptoms:abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and jaundice.

infectious hepatitis is caused by type A, transmitted by fecally(human) contaminated food or water. Serum hepatitis is caused by other types, transmitted by body fluids. type C can do undetected for yrs, no immunity. Type D-have to have B to replicate, vaccine for b prevents D. Type E-fecally contaminted, no immunity. A and B have vaccines, newly discovered F,G,H fecal and blood contamination.

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poliomyelitis

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cause;polio virus. transmitted by fecally(human) contaminated food/water, eneters by way of GI tract. virus infects/dmgs motor neurons. 1st stiffness, the paralysis in relaxed state.

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gastroenteritis

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inflammation of intestinal tract, penetrates the mucosal membrane of tract, produces endotoxin which causes the pathogenic effect. cause:viral or bacteria. symptoms:nausea, vomitting, diarrhea. Salmonella especially S.enteritis, transmitted thru food w/ fecal contamination of poultry or reptiles. Shigella especially S.dysenteraie, transmitted thru fecal food/water

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cholera

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cause:vibrio cholerae. symptoms:nausea, vomitting, diarrhea. most common in 3rd world countires, transmitted thru fecal food/water. bacterium secretes toxin that increases fluid output, loss of great amount of fluid and electrolyte.. electrolyte imbalance/severe dehydration ate the cause of death.

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typhoid fever

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cause:salmonella typhi. symptoms:nausea, vomitting, diarrhea. transmitted thru fecal food/water. invade gut so bad sometimes gut will rupture. invade mucosa of upper small intestine->lymph->phagocytized but continue to multiply.

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food poisoning

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staph.aureus-produces exotoxin to cause nausea, vomitting and diarrhea soon (1-6 hrs) after eating contaminated foods.
strep.-tales 12 or more hrs, has to show up and last longer, severe.
e.coli-from eating undercooked ground beef, bacterium is a pathogen of cattle, ground beef is fecal (c0w) contaminated, causes death by shock.

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botulism

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cause:clostridium botulinium.
from eating contaminated canned food. bacterium lives in the soil and is an obligate anaerobe. when it hits air, it forms a spore. spore can remain on unwashed fruits and vegetables. 1st paralysis of voluntary muscles, then involuntary like the diaphragm, death by asfixiation.

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gonorrhea

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cause:neissaria gonorrhea.
transmitted thru direct sexual contact. In men, pusy discharge and pain during urination, inflammation of urethre. in women, 90% never know, if untreated, can travel up vagina, uterus, fallop tubes, cause adhesions and scar tissue, sterility.

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syphillis

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cause:treponema pallidium a spirochete.
transmitted thru direct sexual contect or kissing w/ infectious sores in mouth. 3 stages. 1st-ulcers at point of initial infection of contact. 2nd-3-10 weeks, skin rash, infectious sores of mouth and other mucousal membranes. usually as far as it goes in 50% of untreated persons. 3rd- 5-20 yrs, infect major internal organs like major blood vessels, heart, eyes, central nervous system.

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leprosy

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cause:mycobacterium leprae.
affects the periferal nervous system, causes scar tissue of nerve tract causing disfigurement. transmitted by nasal secretions of infected persons. treat w/ sulfa drugs. destroys peripheral tissues,skin and mucosa. like cooler areas like digits,ears and noses.

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rabies

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cause:rhabdovirus.
transmitted from animal reservoirs, vector saliva thru bite. causes dmg to nervous tissue, spasm of throat muscle canuse hydrophobia or the fear of water, excessive saliva or foaming. symptoms:dumb rabies-listless, inactibe, die of paralysis, hyperactivity.

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selective toxicity

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the drug will harm the disease causing agent without doing dmg to the host.

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therapeutic dose

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level of the drug needed for clinical treatment

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toxic dose

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level of the drug that is toxic to the host.

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therapeutic index/ratio

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the larger the number the better the drug, can give more in treatment without doing dmg to the host

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side effects

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other effects of the drug, other harmful.
1.toxicity - liver dmg/teeth
2.allergy
3.disruption of normal microflora - gastroenteritis

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spectrum

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range of pathogens the drug is effect against.
narrow range - very low effective against
borad range - wide variety effective against

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natural drugs

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synthesized from bacterial or fungal cultures

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synthetic drugs

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man made

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semi-synthetic

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a natural derivative, start w/ a natural and chemically alter it just enough to make a pathogen recognize it as a different drug.

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administration

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oral-taken by mouth, has to be able in stomach acid and able to be absorbed.
parenteral- intramuscular, intraveneous, intradermal, squamous.
inhalation - nebulizers, nasal sprays
topical - for external use only eg.creams, lotions, patches.

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Isoniazid or INH

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inhibit the production of vitamin b12 and b6

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sulfonimides or sulfa drugs

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inhibit the production of folic acid needed to make the bases of DNA.

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penicillin

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penicillium notatum, penicillin G- parenterally
inhibit cell wall production stopping addition of muramic acid to cell wall.
problems- many pathogens are resistant and many people are allergic.
derivatives - ampicillin, amoxicillin
carbapenems - 2 part structure

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cephalosporins

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cephalin Cephalosporium
similar in structure to penicillin, carbapenems. inhibit cell wall synthesis, has broader spectrum than penicillin, 2nd drug of choice if person is allergic to penicillin, keflex, keflin.
side effects - local reactions, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

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bacitracin

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bacillus licheniformis
effective against gram positives, inhibit cell wall production. very toxic, for external use only, ingredient in polysporin and neosporin. toxic to kidneys.

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streptomycin

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streptomyces grieus
broad spectrum, one of the antibiotics that is truly effective against TB. acts directly at ribosomes reading the RNA. also tends to be toxic to the individual, dmg kidney, inner ear.

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erythromycin

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streptomyces erythraues
-mcarolides - large-ring compounds
inhibit peptide chain elongation
narrow to medium spectrum. many people allergic or have stomach problems with it.

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chloramphenicol

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bacteriostatic - produced from streptomyces venezulae.
now made synthetically. interferes with tRNA to transfer ability to donate amino acid. broad spectrum, also effective to some rickettsia and viruses. can cause aplastic anemia, dmg to bone marrow.

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tetracycline

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streptomyces aureodaciens.
-broad spectrum, act at tRNA and peptide bond formation. side effects- nausea, diarrhea, dmg to liver and kidneys. can interfer with calcium deposition in bones and teeth of children, causing brownish stain on teeth.