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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where did the first intensification of wild cereal grasses first occure?
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Fertile Crescent in Middle East.
Wheat and Barley |
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What happened to the climate in the Middle East between 14 500-11 000?
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Precipitation increased and a number of cultures emerged including the Kebaran culture in the Levant.
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When did the Natufian culture emerge and who did the succeed?
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emerged from 13 000-9800B.P
Took over from the Kebaran culture |
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Where did they live and what happened to the climate during their existence?
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lived in a woodland zone.
The rainfall decreased= area of wild grasses dramatically reduced c. 11 000bp |
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What is complex foraging?
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subsistance based on few rich resources, collected intensively and stored. Requiring more sedentary lifestyle thus denser human populations.
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Why did the Natufians shift their subsistence base from simple to complex foraging?
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Wild cereal grass areas on which they were dependant decrease thus having to adapt. Chose to intensify food quest=intensive collection and storage of wild cereals.
Would have meant weeding and encouraging growth of plants to ensure enough food produced. |
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What artifacts were left behind by the Natufians which also give strong evidence for sedentary lifestyle?
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-Grinding stones = grind cereals
-large bedrock mortars = more effort into buildings = intend to stay put longer. -food storage pits=indicates surplus and commitment to stay -pits for roasting plant foods -microblades of flint exhibiting polish=use in cutting cereal plant stalks ie. wheat, barley, millet, sorghum. |
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Why would they have relied on cereals and what is the evidence for this reliance?
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seeds full of protein and carbohydrates.
heavy wear on teeth = prob. from stone particles mixed into meals when processed with stone grinding tools. also increased levels of strontium in bones = high levels in cereals the large storage and roasting pits |
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Why does the intensification of food quest suggest a sedentary life?
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intensification of food = food source stays put and monitored for best time to harvest.
Also larger quantities collected so it is more efficient to store it rather than carry it around with you. |
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Were there any evident permenant structures indicating long term site occupation?
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Houses had stone foundations 2-9 m in diameter. Labour required to build indicates intended for long term use.
Also seen in sites Rosh Zin in Israel and Hayonim Cave. |
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Were the dead buried with artifacts?
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Bone, tooth and shell beads and pendants commonly found.
Carved stone statues of animals and people. |
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When did the first signs of artificial selection/domestication occure
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Natufians 11-10 000 B.P. when colder climate - BAR YOSEF
Also seen at same time in Israel, Iran and Turkey ie. domesticated wheats emmer and eikorn. |
