Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Treaties 1865's
|
- Government made treaties with the Indians, these were often broken - 1869 - the government refused to make separate treaties with individual tribes |
|
|
Homestead Act
|
- Gave free land in 160 acre plots to farmers in return for a promise that they would farm for 5 years. |
|
|
|
- 1887 - The allotment of Native American land - Those who successfully farmed the land gained citizenship ~Homestead act 1862~ - Those who did gain citizenship were often discriminated against. Didn't have the right to vote and had no candidate to vote for. - Caused loss of land (72 m arcs) - Attempted to remove tribal leaders ~ Lone Wolf 1903 - Had a long term significance, but failed as Natives were still dependent on the Government. ~ Indian Claims Commission 1948 ~ |
|
|
The Curtis Act |
- Expanded the Dawes act to the 5 civilised tribes - Was met with some resistance - tribes tried to create their own state (Sequoyah). - This was rejected by congress. - A further 2 million arcs were lost. |
|
|
Lone Wolf V Hitchcoch
|
- An attempt to halt allotment by suing the Government for breaking earlier treaties - Medicine Lodge (1867) - But the Government has plenary power ~ 1831 'wards of the state' - Shows lack of process and the un-success of the Dawes Act. |
|
|
Burke Act |
- Alternated act so that Natives only got citizenship from allotting land after 25 years in which they have proven to be 'Competent and Capable' - Allocated land could be sold, reducing Indian land further - 95% ended up being sold. |
|
|
Indian Soldier Act
|
- Gave Citizenship to all Indians who served in the war. - Some Indians moved away from reservations and joined defence industries - help to assimilation (WWI helps confirm it's the right thing to do). |
|
|
Indian Citizenship act
|
- Gave all Native Americans citizenship - Limited impact, didn't come due to campaigns and they still faced discrimination. |
|
|
The Dance Order (Leavitt Bill)
|
- 1926 - Prohibited ritual dances and was seen as an on civil and religious rights. - Assimilation still the Key aim. ~ Wounded Knee, Religious Freedom act ~ |
|
|
The Meriam report
|
- 1928 - Condemned the allotment policy with the dreadful reservation conditions. ~ Dawes Act~ |
|
|
President Hoover
|
Some positive impacts, but does not reverse the Dawes act. - Improved infrastructure - Increased funding to reservations - Appointed John Collier as commissioner of Indian Affairs (1933) NOT significant enough to allow great change. Limited as assimilation was still the goal. ~ Johnson, Kennedy ( all sympathetic but limited) ~ |
|
|
The New Deal
The Indian Reorganisation act |
1934 - allowed more influence over finances on reservations ~ Self determination act 1975~ - Rights of cultural identity. Overthrew the law in 1883 law that banned ceremonial dances. ~ Dance Orders 1923~ - Returned land lost between 1900 - 1930 restored to tribes (2 million arcs). Insignificant. ~ ICC 1946 ~ Shows some significant progress. |
|
|
Japanese Internment in WWII
|
1942 'exclusion zones' were set up where Japanese Americans were not allowed to stay. They had to give up their Businesses and were interned in camps around America. |
|
|
ICC
|
1946-78 Set up in response to the NCAI Allowed Native Americans to life claims to get back land they had lost due to the allotment process. ~ Dawes Act ~ Were often settled by compensation rather than land, doesn't help in the long term. |
|
|
Termination Policy |
-Plans to end Bureau of Indian Affairs and move all Native Americans subject to US laws. - Those who were terminated became independent, self supporting Americans. - Affected 13,000 out of 400,000. - 3% of reservation land was lost - 60,000 to 750,000 migrated to the cities - Unemployment was 42% in 1968 - Life expectancy was 44 - Failed to bring about assimilation. ~ Dawes Act, Nixon ends termination ~ |
|
|
Indian Relocation Act
|
Gave Native Americans relocation packages ~ Dawes act ~ |
|
|
Vocational training act
|
Was made to help Native American gain the skills to worn. |
|
|
President Kennedy
|
- Gave positive recognition - Wrote to Mr La Farge - 1962 - Chicago conference - 1961 - increased funding - $30,000 to pine ridge, not a significant amount of money ~ Nixon ~ - Continues Termination policy. |
|
|
President Johnson
|
- Forgotten Americans speech - NCIO reform education and provide better health care and funding. - Civil rights act (1964, 1968) - seeks to end discrimination. - Legal aid and made available to Native American |
|
|
President Nixon
|
- Ends termination policy and the policy remains self-determination. - BIA funds are arranged to fit priorities of the tribal government. - The menomiee restoration act - restoring recognition of previously terminated tribes. - Increased funding by 21.4% - 1975 Indian self-determination and education assistance act. |
|
|
President Carter
|
1977-1981 remained focused on self-determination - Native American Religious freedom act (1978) - gave Native Americans the right to believe and express and exercise traditions. ~ Dance Orders ~ - Indian Child Welfare act (1978) - set rules for the removal of children from their tribes. ~ Contrast to kill the Indian spare the child ~ Step away from paternalism. |
|
|
President Reagan
|
Favoured Native Capitalism - Native Americans living on reservation should seek to make their own businesses. Led to the opening of reservation restaurants, petrol stations and shops. Limited as due to the lack of money and restores. |
|
|
Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
|
1970 - Government by volunteer board made up of different tribes, usually having 15 lawyers working up to 50 cases at a time. - Formed to defend Native American rights and protect their tribal way of life. - Wanted the ensure those who had been terminated were re-in stated. - Trained Native Americans to become Lawyers who specialised in pursing NA legal issues. |
|
|
Bryan V Itasca country
|
1976 - No state can tax a tribe - No right to regulate Indian activities on reservations. - Federal power still remain, enhancing self determination. |
|
|
Oneida V Oneida
|
1974 Established the right of Oneida tribes to sue for the their land through the supreme court. ~ Lone Wolf, ICC ~ Limited like the ICC as they often got compensation. |
|
|
Fish V Montana
|
1976 Tribal courts had the right to decide on all matters relating the adoption of Indian children. ~ Indian child welfare act (1978), 'Kill the Indian, spare the child' ~ |
|
|
United States V Sioux Nation
|
Ruled that the Sioux were entitled to compensation worth $17.5 million, plus 5% interest per year since the Font Laramine treaty was broken. The Sioux refused as they wanted their land back. ~ ICC~ |
|
|
Seminale Tribe V Butterworth
|
1982 Tribes have the right to establish casinos no their land, even if gambling is banned in state. |
|
|
Charrier V Bell
|
1986 Law to protect Indian burial grounds and requiring them to be treated with respect ~ Mount Rushmore, ghost dance, wounded knee ~ |
|
|
Graves protection act |
1990 As a result of Charrier V Bell, required the return of Native American ' cultural items' to tribes. Significant recognition. |
|
|
Creek Draft Rebellion Act
|
1918 Shows resistance to the melting pot by refusing to take part in the war effort. An anti-government meeting and was prosecuted under the espionage act (1917) |
