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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Joseph Brant
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Joseph Brant was a Mohawk Indian who became literate and bilingual at an Indian Charity School. His education was instrumental as he became a political and military leader who fought alongside the British in the American Revolution.He was bitterly disappointed and felt betrayed when the British recognized the Independence of the U.S. But Brant continued to play a pivotal role in relations between the Americans, the British and Indians even when the revolution was won by the Americans. When the American wanted to expand west of the Ohio River, Brant and the Iroquois wanted Indian tribes to reach a settlement with the U.S instead of the constant waring.
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Tenskwatawa
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Tenskwatawa was a Shawnee Indian prophet who had been directed in his vision to spread a new religion among the Indians. He urged people to revert back to more traditional ways of living before European contact. He wanted Indians to refuse domesticated meat, alcohol, manufactured tools, intermarriage, and to avoid the Americans. Many Indians rejected his teaches but hundreds went to his village that he established in Prophetstown. His religion was popular because it brought hope to Indians who lost land and suffered assaults to their culture by the Americans.
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Chief Joseph
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Chief Joseph was the leader of the Nez Perces and he was a strong advocate for peace with the Americans.Conflict arose between the Nez Perces when they wouldn’t sign a treaty with the US to leave their homeland to go to a small reservation in Idaho. Chief Joseph tried to avoid was but it became inevitable when the US arrested chief Toohoolhoolzote. Chief Joseph convinced his people to flee to Canada instead of staying to fight with the Americana. But the Americans headed off the Nez Perces and exiled them to their reservation in Idaho. Chief Joseph is an important figure in Native American history because he symbolized the heroic resistance of the Nez Perces.
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Battle of Little Bighorn, 1876 Sitting bull
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The Battle of the Little Bighorn was between the combined forces of Lakota, Norther Cheyenne and the Arapaho against the 7th Calvary Regiment headed by Custer. Sitting Bull was a prominent war leader who lead hundreds of Lakota on the battlefield to victory. This battle was significant because Indians were nearing the end of fighting for their freedom. The Indian victory eventually lead to their defeat because since they wouldn’t sell the black woods, Americans retaliated by killing and forcing Indians onto reservations.
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The Ghost Dance
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The Ghost Dance religion was created by the Paiute Indian Wovoka and was popular in the end of the 1800s. The religion involved abstaining from alcohol, living in peace and following ritual, which included a dance preformed in a circle called the Ghost Dance. The reason that it spread throughout the Plains is because the religion promised that the white settlers would disappear. This would be very appealing to the Indians when the Americans were taking away their lands and driving them onto reservations.The Ghost Dance brought hope and unity to many Indians and inspired fear in Americans who thought the religion would spark an uprising.
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Termination Policy
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The Termination policy was created so that the US government no longer had to give Indians Federal support. The idea behind the policy is that is would help Indians assimilate into American society if they stopped recieving funds. This policy mostly brought disaster to Indian tribes. Indians tribes that were once a thriving community had to sell land to pay taxes and increased health problems because hospitals were closed. Ada Deer a Menominee social worker was against the Termination policy and helped pass the Menominee Restoration Act. Many Indians suffered from the Termination policy and saw this policy as a way for the government to take more Indian land. The Termination policy helped bring thee rise of Indian militancy in the 1960s and 1970s. The Termination policy was important because it meant the U.S. government was not recognizing Indian Sovereignty anymore but subjecting them to U.S. laws.
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AIM
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AIM was created by Dennis Banks, Clyde Belle Court and George Mitchell to secure fishing rights, stop police harassment and unlawful imprisonment of Native Americans. Also, AIM wanted to protect the rights of Indians and stop the US government’s control over tribes and make the government abide by the treaties they signed. The AIM tried to achieve these goals by staging demonstrations at Plymouth Rock and Mayflower II. Also, they made a Twenty points document that demanded federal support to be given to the tribes and that the “government review treaty violations” (Calloway, 460). Also, AIM activist took over Wounded Knee and reveal the corruption of the U.S. government. AIM is significant because they helped bring attention to Indian problems by the rest of the world.
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Charles Eastman
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: Charles Eastman was an Indian who was born in Minnesota and raised in the Dakota ways. But when he got older his father “urged him to learn white Americans’ ways” (Calloway, 391). Eastman listened to his father and eventually graduated Dartmouth and used his knowledge to help other Indians. He became a physician at the Pine Ridge reservation and he was a founding member of the Society of American Indians. Calloway featured Eastman in the text because he “demonstrated that one could adapt without totally assimilating” (Calloway, 393).
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Richard Henry Pratt
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Between the 1870s and the 1930 the U.S. government wanted to detribalize the Indians in an attempt to assimilate them in American society. Captain Richard Henry Pratt helped in this movement and worked in a military prison in Florida. He used the Indians in the prison as an experiment to see if he could accomplish civilization by immersion. He clothed them in uniforms and cut their hair like white Americans. He later opened an Indian School for children so they would be made to act like Christian white Americans. Captain Richard Henry Pratt is important because he was a important figure who tried to diminish Indian culture and helped bring suffering to many Native Americans.
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Indian Reorganization Act (IRA)
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The “Indian New deal” was primarily promoted and created by John Collier the Commissioner of Indian affairs to bring reform to Indian policies. Collier said the act “aims at both the economic and the spiritual rehabilitation of the Indian race” (Calloway, 442). The policies of the act was to allow tribal government, prepare Indians for jobs in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, allotments of Indian lands was prohibited and a court of Indian affairs was to be created. There were some positive and negative responses from Native Americans to the Indian Reorganization act. The Montana Blackfeet voted for the act because they saw the act as a way to “reorganize relations with the federal government on their own terms and to construct an American community of their own design” (Calloway, 443). But other Indians’ such as Seneca activist Alice Lee Jemison viewed the act as a “threat to their treaty rights” (Calloway, 443). Also, the act hurt the Navajos who were forced to reduce their livestock and didn’t get the extra land promised by Collier. The Navajos felt they were betrayed therefore they opposed the IRA.
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Tecumseh
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Pan-Indianism was a movement of Indian unity that became the strongest under the teachings of the Shawnee Indian Tecumseh. He believed that Indians had the right to keep. He was mad at older chiefs who would sign treaties with the Americans and lose acres of land like in the “whiskey treaty” in 1809. His vision was to have an Indian nation that stretch from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. His success of unification of Indian alarmed the U.S. governemtn and they attacked village of Prophetstown which setback the movement.
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Dawes Act
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The provisions of the Dawes Act was to give the heads of families 160 acres, Indians had to select their own land, for twenty-five years the government would hold the title of the land, Indians were given citizenship if they abandoned their culture, and extra reservation land could be sold (Calloway, 378). The goals of this act were to “impose a revolution on Indian societies” so that Indians would want to adopt the American lifestyle and ideals. A consequence of the Dawes Act was it took away millions of acres of land from the Indians. The Indians land could now be taxed by the state and protection that was given Indians allottees was slowly taken away. Also, the commissions gave some Indians who were deemed competent fee patent for them to see their land. The Indians land base was greatly affected because American speculators and businessmen “steadily eroded the land base” (Calloway, 380). The White Earth reservation, which at first was rich with timber and fertile land, was greatly diminished when American speculators came and bought their land and cut down the trees. It was found that by 1920 “most of the reservation land base had been transferred to Euroamerican land” (Calloway, 381).
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Santa Clara v. Martinez
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Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49 (1978)[1], involved a request to stop denying tribal membership to those children born to female (not male) tribal members who married outside of the tribe. The mother who made the case pleaded that the discrimination against her child was solely based on sex, which violated the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968. The courts decided that "...tribal common-law sovereign immunity prevented a suit against the tribe." This decision ultimately strengthened tribal self-determination by further proving that generally, the federal government played no enforcement role over the tribal governments.In what ways did the federal courts (District Courts and the Supreme Court) support Indian tribal sovereignty during the 1970s? Provide specific examples.
Answer: The federal courts supported Indian sovereignty by being “more sympathetic to the notion that the nation should live up to its treaty commitment” (Calloway, 467). The Paiutes filed a suit that wanted water level restored and it was granted by the courts. Also, the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy Indians won a case that gave them two-thirds of the state’s land to the tribes in Maine. When Julia Martinez was denied membership in the Santa Clara Pueblo she tried to sue the tribe but the court agreed with the Indian tribe that they should be allowed to determine there own membership. |
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Wovaka
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Created Ghost dance and alarmed non-Indians that the dance was suppose to result in the disappearance of whites and the return of the buffalo. As a result of their alarm and revenge of Litlle Big Horn they many Indian at Wounded Knee.
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Sioux Treat of 1868
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Overall, the Sioux treaty of 1868 did not give the Indian Chiefs what they wanted. The treaty was deceptive giving the chiefs the illusion that they would receive their primary desires. But the treaty held many contradictions. One of the primary desires of the chiefs was for the white settlers to leave their land. The treaty appears to deliver that wish because it says that “no white person or persons shall be permitted to settle upon or occupy” their land (Calloway, 344). But in another section of the treaty it states that the U.S. is allowed to build warehouses and other buildings on the reservation. Also, the Sioux had to “withdraw all opposition to the construction of railroads” on their land. This means white settlers will still reside and cross into the Sioux territory. The Chiefs also wanted the removal of the military post and in article 16 the treaty agrees to uphold that stipulation. But the treaty also says that an agent will “reside among” the Indians to reinforce the treaty. The Indians have to have a certificate to mark their land. Also, if the Indians “commit a wrong or depredation” upon a white settler then they will be tried under U.S. law (Calloway, 339). This is the kind of American interference the Sioux chiefs did not want and the reason they wanted the military post to be taken away. The treaty was suppose to give the Sioux people more freedom but instead there was only more restrictions. Also, the Indians were given many items in the treaty that the Chiefs did not want. The Americans gave the Indians “physician, teachers, carpenter, miller, engineer, farmer and blacksmiths” (Calloway, 343). This also contradicted the treaty that there would be no whites on the Sioux territory. Also, the treaty insisted on education that they agent would be charged with upholding.
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Cahokia
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The Mississippian town Cahokia was a thriving urban market center founded around A.D. 700. Historians believe that the town had a population between 10,000 and 30,000. Cahokia had spectacular mounds that were built for trade, religious ceremonies or burial sites. Cahokia shows that the Americans were not a virgin wilderness but a colonized land with a long history. The town also shows that Native Americans had a very rich culture despite what the early settlers wrote.
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Chaco Canyon
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The Chaco Canyon is significant because over five thousand Anasazi Native Americans lived there and they built structures in the canyon that resemble a large apartment. Also, since so many roads led to and from Chaco Canyon it was the “center of trade” (Calloway 27). Calloway writes that the Anasazi society probably fell apart due to nature disaster, climate change and famine.
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Kateria Tekawitha
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A Mohawk girl Scarred by smallpox and family tragedy in her youth. Embraced Catholism and fed to a jesuit mission modeled her life on that of the local nuns. France didn't resort to forced conversions as the spaniards did. many found salvation when their world was falling apart under the impact of new diseases in the early 1600s.
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Neolin
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Neolin was a Delaware Indian prophet who headed his movement in the 1760 when Missionaries and American society believed that it was imperitive to civilize indians by destroying their culture and transforming them into Christians. Indian people turned to ritual and belief to restore balance and harmony to a world that had gone Chaotic. His renunciation of European material goods and influences helped fuel Pontiac's war of resistance against the bristish. Other prophets came around in the nineteeth century.Military was making Indian villages switch from hunting to farming.Men not women were to take up the plow which disrupted the social circle.Benjamin Hawkins was a U.S. agent who tried to civilize Indians such as the cherokees and Creeks.
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Boldt Decision (1973)
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U.S. Distict Court Judge Boldt rules that Indians were entitled to catch up to 50 percent of the fish designated by the treaties in the State of Washington. Many non-Indians were furious and their was many outbreaks of violence. Indians had this victory but fishing rights wars were far from over.American felt that Indians were given to many privalages Voigt decision which guaranteed their right to continue hunting and fishing in Wisconsin.
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Alcatraz (1969)
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The seizure of Alcatraz increased awarness of Indian grievances and galvanized many Indian people into activism. This is a time growing pan-Indianism when AIM came about. which gave many young Indian people a cause and a new direction in life. The siexure of Alcatraz Island by Indian Students often serves as a starting point for discussing Red power movement. Alcatraz served as a warning for the U.S. that Indian rights could no longer be ignored and became a symbol of hope for Indian people who realized they no longer need to suffer in silence.
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Wilma Mankiller
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The first woman 1991 to be elected chief of a major Indian tribe was the principal chief of the Cherokee Nation for ten years.She became active in the Indian rights movement in San Fran visiting Alcatraz during its occupation by Indian students.She brought to polictic a strong belief in the importance of maintaining traditional values and appliying them to solve comtemporty problems. She also brought a belief in a leadership role for women in politics. During her tenure she initiated a revitilization in Cherokee country where membership increased by the thousans and health centers and childrens many programs were built during her chiefdom.
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Ada Deer
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Social worker Ada Deer lobbied in Washington against the Menominee Termination act (1935). Deer served as a chair person of the Menominee Restoration Committee and became the first Native American women to head the BIA.
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Indian Child Welfare Act
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During Nixon congress passed a series of laws which gave Indians cultural freedom and increased Indian soverienty. This act renounced the practice of transferring of Indian children to non-Indians and placed responsiblity fo the welfare of Indian children sqaurley in with the tribe.
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Pontiac
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By 1763 after more than half a century of conflict with France, Britain emeraged as the victorious clonial power in North Am. Now indians could play them off one another. Many British saw indians as defeated people who no longer thought they had to be accomadating with them like give them gifts. Ottawa Chief Pontiac lead one of the most Famous Indian wars of independence rallied against the British and his warrios drove redcoats back on almost every front tilll European miliary combined with disease turned the tide.
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