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98 Cards in this Set
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Region
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Mild Climate
Ample Water Supplies Variable Rainfall (15-70 Inches/year) Abundant natural resources Wide Variety of wildlife Signficance of Acorn |
California
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Inhabitants
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Hunter-Gatherers (Acorn as staple)
Some Small Scale Agriculture in South Eastern California Complex/Diverse Culture Area 60+ Cultures Variable Culture Size & Complexity Dense Sedentary Populations (Unusual in Hunter-Gatherers) 300,000 - 700,000 at contact Shell Beads as money Market and Barter Economies Well-known basketry |
California
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Language
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23 families
Most diverse set of languages in N. America 100+ Languages |
California
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Major Language Families
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Penutian
Hokan Uto-Aztecan Na-dene Algic |
California
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Cahuilla
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3 subgroups (Desert, Mountain, Pass)
Live near Palm Springs Uto-Aztecan family ~6000 live in interior of S. California |
California
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Cahuilla Aboriginal Life
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Hunter-Gatherers - Coachella Valley
Mesquite, screw beans, cacti - economically important, Minimal precipitation (But torrential when it occurs, causing widespread erosion) Very hot summers (120 degrees) Severe dust storms |
California
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Cahuilla Material Culture
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Minimal - no clothing (pre-contact)
Footwear important (Sandals) Basketry hats Villages near canyon mouths/valleys and water sources (water holes and wells) Rectangular, brush, grass-topped homes, Granaries - store food Artifacts made of plant fibers Baskets Dog - Possessed supernatural powers, could understand human conversation, had souls Poison tipped arrows non-returning boomerang Animal traps/snares |
California
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Cahuilla Subsistence
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3 Seasons - budding of trees, hot days, cold days (assoc. with Mesquite beans)
80% found 5 miles of village Mequite bean as primary staple most productive by streams, productivity varies, ground into flour and store Screw beans as a secondary staple Acorns less important for desert Cahuilla Clans/families controlled harvest Families owned specific trees Processed by a mortar and pestle Removed tannic acid with washing 100+ other plants as well chia grass Hunted as well (with restriction related to spirit of animal) |
California
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Cahuilla Political Organization - 'net'
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Clan chiefs as 'net', hereditary from father to eldest son
did not have more material wealth Important obligations Lived in houses with dance houses attached Trustees of clan sacred bundles directed subsistence activities settled conflicts between members represented the clan before other clans responsible for correct ceremony performances |
California
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Cahuilla Political Organization - 'Paha'
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Second most important political figure
Existed only in certain localities Primarily responsible for ceremonial preparations Maintains order during ceremonies Leader of hunting parties Spokesman for the net |
California
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Cahuilla Religion
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Shamans - dealth with disasters and trauma, cured illnesses. Males, not hereditary, multiple in one clan, usually someone who was ill as a child
The eagle-killing ceremony Symbolized continuity of lineage Led by net and paha Eagle 'allowed' itself to be killed to assure life after death |
California
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California Peoples today
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~80,000, 112 federally recognized tribles
~600,000 acres of reservation Casinos common |
California
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Native American Heritage Commission
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Established by the state
helps natives deal with variety of issues |
California
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Palm Springs/Desert Cahuilla
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Land rights is a major issue
Reservation establish in 1896 32,000 acres in a checkerboard pattern allotment to family heads Part of Dawes Act 1887 Not an economically deprived tribe |
California
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Region
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Pacific Coast
Souther Alaska - Southern Oregon Minimal inland area Coastal Mountains Coastal Islands |
Northwest Coast
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Climate
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Wet, Mild Climate
Cool Summers, Wet Winters High amounts of rainfall 40-130 inches/year Many rivers, streams, bays, estuaries Ocean environment (Food!) Heavily wooded Wide variety of animals, birds, fish |
Northwest Coast
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Inhabitants
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Hunter-Gatherers
Complex social/political organization Complex subsistence economies - marine resources Woodworkers Distinctive art |
Northwest Coast
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3 Divisions of Inhabitants
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Northern Group
Central Group Southern Group |
Northwest Coast
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Language
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13 Language families
45 Languages North: Athapaskan family Central/South: Penutian and Salishan families 2nd greatest language diversity |
Northwest Coast
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Tlingit
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"The People"
Athapaskan language family ~10,000 members at contact Wealth as social achievements within families Totem poles, potlatches |
Northwest Coast
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Tlingit Aboriginal Life
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High level of cultural complexity
Salmon fishes Narrowly defined bonds of kinship |
Northwest Coast
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Tlignit Material Culture
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Clothing of dehaired skin
Sea otter skin capes Tlingit hate - woven from roots/bark Winter villages - near bays/inlets/rivers summer camps Well-known artistic skills Used of Bone, Stone, Wood Wooden canoes |
Northwest Coast
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Tlingit Subsistence
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Most important fish - salmon, candlefish
Sea mammal hunting Seasonally collect plants/berries Fish - smoked/cured and stored Minimal food collecting in winter |
Northwest Coast
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Tlingit Political Organization
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Not organized at tribal level - not a focal point,
bonds of kinship more important conflicts between different groups Clans conducted raids - to avenge deaths, obtain slaves (Estab. 500 AD) |
Northwest Coast
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Tlingit Religion
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Loosely ordered system
Spirits inhabited sun, moon, etc. Shamans - most powerful on NW Coast; gained from spirits they controlled, Spirits of clan's shaman left upon death and entered a upstanding clan youth male, spirits represented by masks Charms used by regular people - made from plants, used to foresee future, attract women, increase wealth, improve hunting... Witchcraft: Obtained item from victim... women, children, slaves accused, tortured for confession or killed accused witch was bound and starved |
Northwest Coast
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Crests
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One of most valued possessions, crests represented on canoes, dishes, garments, totem poles, etc.
Included: Raven, Owl, Whale, Eagle, Wolf, Bear |
Northwest Coast
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Totem Pole
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One of most valued possessions, carvings were part of ritual obligations,
totems were NOT worshipped 6 major types - 1. House pillars 2. Mortuary pole (Cremated remains) 3. Memorial Pole (Honor deceased) 4. Heraldic Pole (Represents family/clan) 5. Ridicule Pole (Symbol, makes fun of someone because they did something one; could settle debts) 6. Potlatch Pole (Established prestige) |
Northwest Coast
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Potlatch
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European/Anthropological term
"Kueex" Tlingit term - call or invite to a ceremony Marriage, death, investiture of an heir had guests from a wide area Song, dances, food Spanned for 4 days Gifts are presented to the guests, based on rank Ceremonial objects given to the deceased Competition between hosts and guests - notion of reciprocity (expectation to get something better in return) Wealth represented by how much given away |
Northwest Coast
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Potlatch Ban
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Canadian Government banned potlatch in 1885 - confiscated all regalia
Ban removed - 1951 Practice was resumed |
Northwest Coast
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North West Coast people Today
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Live on reservations
Many Groups not federally recognized Many land claims Poverty of reservations Revival of Potlatching, culture, traditions, art |
Northwest Coast
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North West Coast people - fishing
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Commercial fishing/dam construction affects fishing, issue of fishing rights - natives have won many court cases, but the decisions have been ignored
1974 Boldt decision - Indian fishing rights in Washington State affirmed |
Northwest Coast
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Whale hunting
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1998 - Makah tribe (NW Washington) - permission to resume whale hunting - 5 whales a year
2002 - Federal appeals court suspended permission on Environmental review |
Northwest Coast
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Region
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Interior highlands and basins
Idaho, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia Intermontaine region - Coast Mountains & Cascade range (West) Rockies to the (East) Limited rainfall Many rivers Many Canyons Complex & Variable environment Broad Division - North and South: Linguistically, environmentally, experiential |
Plateau Region
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Northern Plateau Region
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Canandian Government
Mountainous Forests (Deciduous and evergreen) Very Cold winters, Warm summers Lots of Snowfall |
Plateau Region
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Southern Plateau Region
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US Government
Less Mountainous Lava flows in some areas Cold winters, hot summers Arid region Rainfall ~ 6 inches/year Sagebrush, grasslands, some marshes |
Plateau Region
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Animals
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Wide Variety,
Deer/moose Bears Sheep/Pronghorn Bison Salmon/Shellfish Waterfowl, other birds |
Plateau Region
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Inhabitants
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24 Groups live in the region
Low Population density Most live near water sources |
Plateau Region
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Language
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2 major Language Groups
- Salishan Family (North) - Penutian Family (South)/ Plateau Penutian Others... |
Plateau Region
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Modoc War 1872-1873
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Settlers began to settle the are by 1843 which set off conflicts and culminated in war. in 1864, the Modoc treaty with the US said that the Modoc had to moved to the Klamath reservation. Agency officials ignored Modoc complaints
~200 Modocs fled reservation Leader: Captain Jack - aka Kintpuash, resettled along Lost River, ancestral home Occasionally returned to reservation - left due to poor conditions 1871- 159 Modocs refused to return to reservation Nov. 29, 1872 - US Cavalry opened fire on Captain Jack's camp took refuge in the lava bed 7 major battles Modocs surrendered June 1st, 1873 Captain jack and 5 others sentence to death Remaining 153 Modocs exiled to Indian territory |
Plateau Region
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Chief Joseph
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Leader of the Naz Perce
Opposed reservation treaty Govmt ordered all Naz Perce to Idaho reservation, Naz Perce War of 1877 Final Battle: Bear Paw Mountain, where chief Joseph surrendered. the "Red Napoleon" Confined to Indian territory Popular among whites 1885- Moved to Washington reservation |
Plateau Region
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Lewis & Clark
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Westward leg 1804-1805
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Plateau Region
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Trade from coast
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Canoes
Shells Shell Beads Fish Oil Fish |
Plateau Region
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Trade from interior
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Salmon
Slaves Roots/berries Meat/Pemmican Buffalo Rubes Tobbacco Crafts Horses |
Plateau Region
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Kennewick Man
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1996- Ancient remains discovered
Columbia River - Kennewick, Washington Estimated to be 9,200 - 9,400 years old Oldest and most complete skeleton found in N. America |
Plateau Region
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Kennewick Man Controversy
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Scientist want to study him from potential information about human migration
Local Natives believe him to be a tribal ancestor and seek reburial (NAGPRA) Court case lasts 9 years Court Rules for some scientific study to be done to establish its origin 1999 analysis - shows that remains are comparable to those for S. Asia 2004 - the Federal judge ruling was that we cannot prove his relations to present day natives, so scientists could do further analysis 3-phase study with 23 scientists |
Plateau Region
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Kootenai
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live on both sides of American/Canadian border
Originally lived farther East Language Isolate - Kootenai - not clearly related to other linguistic groups, upper and lower (river) dialects |
Plateau Region
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Upper v. Lower Kootenai
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Upper Kootenai - Eastern Portion of the territory
Lower Kootenai - West and North of the Kootenai Falls |
Plateau Region
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Lower Kootenai: Aborginal Life
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'Valley Indians', 'River people', 'Canoe Indians', 'Marsh People'
2 Bands - Idaho and British Columbia Economy based on fishing. waterfowl and der hunting No permanent settlements Kootenay River and Lake |
Plateau Region
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Lower Kootenai: Material Culture
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Buckskin clothing, pole-framed tepees, dogs, flint bladed knives, elk horn chisels, rodent-tooth knives,
stone axes and mauls Basketry Canoe- had a distinctive outline |
Plateau Region
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Lower Kootenai: Subsistence
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Primary staples: Fish, Deer, Ducks
Cooperative Harvest Each food source - formal leader aided by personal spirit Famine was a constant threat Gathering also provided food Camas (Lily bulbs) were primary Tobacco was cultivated |
Plateau Region
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Lower Kootenai: Political Organization
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Two Bands - each had related families, the band leader was not a chief, had special rapport with the spirits, represented moral authority. Was chosen by the men with status, and his decisions were obeyed.
Band council was made up of leaders representing the 3 major subsistence complexes |
Plateau Region
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Lower Kootenai: Religion - Earth, Water, Sky
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Earth, Water, Sky - basic components of the natural world
Water - aquatic life surrounded Earth and sustained people Sky - dome occupied by birds and celestial bodies, northern lights were seen as the dead dancing |
Plateau Region
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Lower Kootenai: Religion
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Every life form had a physical and spiritual reality; Men and women sought visions (Men's were more powerful, though)
Quests for visions were taken Shamans could be men or women there could be several in a good, could cure illnesses |
Plateau Region
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Plateau People Today
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Maintain their culture
10 reservations in the US and 407 reserves in Canada - problems of poverty, unemployment, poor health Tourism, logging, gambling , Fishing rights - main issue today 1974 Boldt decision - affirmed rights, but there are still problems Christian, English Speaking , American customs Few speak native languages Preservation of culture is a main concern |
Plateau Region
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Region
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Large area, cultural diversity and complexity, SW United states, northern Mexico - the "Greater Southwest"
"American southwest" is US only Division between pueblo and non-pueblo Hot summers, cold winters Precipitation varies |
Southwest
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Farming
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Used in almost every group, primary crops are corn bean squash and cotton - NOT TOBACCO
Diffused from Mesoamerica Domesticated animals (turkeys,dogs) |
Southwest
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Pueblo
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Farmers
Permanent villages Seemed more 'European' "Pueblo" = "Town" Some were occupied for several hundred years Considered to be less primitive |
Southwest`
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Non-Pueblo
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Farmers
Gil River (AZ) Colorado River (CA,AZ) Southern 'periphery' of SW Less studied |
Southwest
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4 Main Regions
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Colorado Plateau
Sonoran Desert Mountains Major River Valleys |
Southwest
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Colorado Plateau
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Northern Part
Above 4500 feet Flat-Topped Mesas Canyons (GRAND CANYON!) Mountains Forests in higher elevations cool, some precipitation |
Southwest
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Sonoran Desert
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South of Colorado Plateau
Partly in N. Mexico Below 3,000 feet (Low Mountains) Very arid, hot summers Cacti and succulents common |
Southwest
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Mountains
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Rockies, Sierra Madre Occidental,
Plenty of water, Forests, Wide variety of wildlife |
Southwest
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River Valleys
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Rio Grande, colorado, San Juan
Enables irrigation for farming Farming cultures located near these rivers Wide variety of fish |
Southwest
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Pueblo Division
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Western and Eastern Pueblo
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Southwest
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Western Pueblo
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Acoma, Laguna, Zuni, Hopi
Share social, religious features Matrilineal clans Kachina Cult Multistory homes |
Southwest
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Eastern Pueblo
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"Pueblo indians"
Located along the Rio Grande Bilateral Kinship Less Kachina cult involvement Emphasize hunting, warfare, ceremonies Settlements destroyed by Spanish |
Southwest
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Non-Pueblo groups
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Apachean
sonoran desert inhabitants Northern Mexico farmers |
Southwest
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Apachean
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Moved to SW ~1500 AD
Hunter-gatherers Small groups Warfare & Raiding common Included Navajo, Apache, etc. |
Southwest
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Sonoran Desert Inhabitants
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Farmer and hunter-gatherers
Wide variety |
Southwest
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Northern Mexico Farmers
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Farmers
Also used some hunting-gathering sheep and cattle herding after contact |
Southwest
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Language
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Wide variety
Uto-Aztecan Nadene Cochimi-Yuman Keresan Kiowan-Tanoan Zuni (Others..) |
Southwest
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Prehistory
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12,000-10,000 BP - Clovis and Folsom cultures
10,000 - 2,000 Archaic desert foragers ~2,000 BP - Intro of farming 1,800-500 BP - Major prehistoric civilizations 1,250 BP - Migration to current locations |
Southwest
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Hopi
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"good" or "peaceful"
Live in desert setting Western Pueblo tribe Uto-Aztecan language ~2800 individuals at contact Christian missionaries began working among them in 1629 Lots of information about the group - ethnographies emphasis on maize cultivation Complex social and political organizations Rich Ceremonial life |
Southwest
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Hopi: Aboriginal Life
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Sedentary Farmers
Small, stable villages Continuity with past Northern Arizona - at least 1000 years Village of Oraibi - oldest continuously occupied settlements north of Mexico |
Southwest
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Hopi: Material Culture
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Clothing from cotton and deerskin
Pueblo laid out in a series of 8 parallel streets Square multistory houses made of stone or mud plater Houses were windowless No doors to the street Access through an opening in the ceiling Kivas - ceremonial structures (rectangular subterranean room, entered through ladder in room, hole in floor for spirits to enter) Well-known textiles - woven by men, cotton Pottery was made by women, undecorated - used for cooking and storages Decorated pottery had other uses, made of clay |
Southwest
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Hopi: subsistence
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Farmer year began in the end of February, plots were cleared for planting, time to sow was set by the 'sun watcher' - a male - based on sunrise of the horizon
Men worked unit from planting through harvest Married men planted clan land allotted to his wife Men owned crops until harvest Harvest food belonged to women Farmland was watered by Ground Seepage and stream overflow, Maize was most important crop One acre fields Beans were planted with the maize or separately Squash and cotton were also raised separately Maize was a symbol of life, 3 varieties, stored on the cob, made a variety of food with it, Hunting also; elaborate ceremonial preparations and prayer offerings Most important species: Antelope, cottontails, jackrabbits |
Southwest
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Hopi: Political Organization
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Village Chief and War chief
Together, they had overall village control, Power did not extend beyond the village, No means existed for uniting Hopi as a tribe Peaceful people, disliked warfare (Defensive only) However, had warrior society |
Southwest
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Village chief
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Bear Clan Member - Hereditary (Brother or Sister's son)
Sacred Stone Verified his authority Stone brough from the underworld by village founder Sacred and secular duties Settled land disputes soyal ceremony could not compel actions of others |
Southwest
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War Chief
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Only person with permanent power, attained position by being an outstanding warriour, inflicted verbal and physical punishments for noncomformity
Led warrior society into battle |
Southwest
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Hopi: Religion
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Many annual/Biannual ceremonies
Focus on Farming, fertility, return of the sun seasonal cycle Kachinas Secret societies Obligatory participation Kivas Organized around solar and lunar calendars |
Southwest
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Soyal Ceremony
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Winter solstice
Beginning of ritual calendar conducted by males who completed Tribal initiation Induce the sun to begin the trip back to summer home - allowing the planting of crops |
Southwest
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Antelope & Snake societies - August Ceremony
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Collected snakes - focal point of dance
Held snake's head with lips/teeth during the dance Snakes gathered in circle in sprinkled with cornmeal Goal was for snakes to carry message of Hope desire for rain |
Southwest
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Kachina Cult
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Kachina - Gods
Impersonation of Kahcina - Core of hopi rituals Open to all village men Kachina "Dolls" Stylized renditions of disguises worn by the men Made by men prior to Kachina performances Highly collectable Not toys, used to instruct |
Southwest
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Southwest people today
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Pueblo population has increased in past 100 years
Economic development, health services, formal education have improved for some Most Pueblos and Apaches have reservations Continue Ceremonial cycles Continue Farming Tourism Arts and crafts productions many non-pueblo groups reduced by disease, warfare, conquest Northern Mexico Groups not on reservations |
Southwest
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Region
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Interior depression - 400,000 sq. mi.
Sierra Nevadas (W) Rocky (E) Nevade, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, California 2 Major deserts: Mojave, Great Basin Last part settled by Europeans Variable environment "Basin and Range Provinc" - 150 Mountain Ranges and Valleys Variable Elevation - sea level - 12,000 ft Generally arid, BUT variable precipitation Very hot summers, cold winters Variety of animals (deer, pronghorn antelope, bison, mountain, sheep, small mammals, waterfowl, fish |
Great Basin
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Mojave Desert
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South - SE California, arizona, nevada
dry desert hot summers, cold winters |
Great Basin
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Great Basin Desert
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North
Wetter and cooler Rivers, lakes, marshes Pinyon-covered mountains and valleys |
Great Basin
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Inhabitants
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Hunter-gatherers
Pinyon nut - major resource small, dispersed populations highly mobile band-level organization ~40,000 prior to contact 9 major groups Linguistic uniformity Numic Language family 6 closely related languages Washo Speak - Hokan family |
Great Basin
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Sacajawea
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Shoshone
Lewis and Clark expedition to the Pacific Ocean Not an official member of the expedition Husband was hired as an interpreter Allowed along b/c she was useful in communicating and obtaining horses She did not serve as a guide Influence direction expedition took Her great attitude commented on by all members debate about her death Monument in Idaho |
Great Basin
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Ghost Dance
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Northern Paiute Prophet (Wodziwob) had visions (1860s) that the dead would be returned, special songs and dances... the ceremony was adopted more widely, but only lasted a few years,
re-emerged in the 1880s the new prophet - Wovoka (N. Paiute) was ceremonial leader in 1888 Many believed his visions, reunited with the dead and live a "good life" New religion spreads to the plains The Plains exaggerate and militarize this Restoration of "Pre-European" state (Death of whites, return of bison, resurrection of the dead, certain shirts would stop bullets) none of this was preached by Wovoka... calls for armed resisitance among the indians went out The US government was fearful, so they arrested the leders and banned the dance, and increased their control over the tribles Results in the wounded knee massacre |
Great Basin
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Western Shoshone
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"Newe" - "People"
Northern, Westernm Eastern Shoshone - speak dialects of the same language Married across dialect/language lines Semidesert region plant/animal distribution based on local precipitation and tempurature |
Great Basin
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Western Shoshone Aboriginal life
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Small groups - nuclear families
Depended on native plants and animals - widely dispersed Water sources - widely scattered few material possessions Localized cultural variability |
Great Basin
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Western Shoshone: Material Culture
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Woven Fur Robes - Winter
Some were nude during summer Clothing depended on variability of appropriate skins, reflected male hunting skills Cone-shaped winter house - grass tied to poles, layer of earth over top Summer windbreaks, sunshades made from brush Sweathouse - dome-shaped frame, heated rocks, bathe, cure illness, men and women Basketry - Utilitarian types, twined |
Great Basin
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Western Shoshone: Subsistence
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Aboriginal life centered on collection of plant foods
Local groups named for main plant food source Plant food fluctuated seasonally and yearly Women primarilly food providers (80%) Broad range of edible plants - also used raw materials Systematic scientific knowledge of local flora Pruned some plants for future harvests (arrowshafts, basketry) possible horticulture: Wild tobacco seed for future growth Women harvested individually (minimal ritual involvement) Hunting - cooperative drives by males Formal rituals associated Hundreds of people gathered - Pronghorn abundant Hunt leader - Male shaman, received power through dreams, rituals essential for success Cooperative hunt for black-tailed jackrabbits Fur was prime in fall/winter Hunter leader: not shaman (male) Ritual involvement |
Great Basin
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Ruby Valley
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One of the most productive food-getting areas
Widely available water sources Pronghorn, small game, birds Abundant & diverse wild seed plants huge amounts of pinyon pine - pine nuts: Highly nutritious Nuts were stored for winter inhabitants gathered enough to sustain them |
Great Basin
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Western Shoshone: Political Organization
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Local Groups - unstable social units
Nuclear family self-sufficient on daily basis individualism within biological family - means of survival Relations with neighboring families 'family clusters' Shared access to local resources Clans, etc. did not exist No real bands or sense of trible identiy Family clusters: Small sociopolitical units Family cluster leader - ale with proven decision-making abilities Ruby Valley - chief by common consent - coordinated collection of pine nuts, resolved porlbems from group living Chiefs did not exist elsewhere |
Great Basin
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Western Shoshone: Religion
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Myths as spiritual basis
Coyote: creator and evil trickster (sometimes) Humans and animals though to be integrated Desert region: Life source (puha) - diverse immortal spirits, associated with water Spirits appeared in recurrent dreams - children, adults (males more than females) spirit helper Shamans - general practitioners/doctors removed foreign objects in body Curing sessions Plant products to cure illnesses - well-developed folk medicine |
Great Basin
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Great Basin People today
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45 reservations
Many live off-reservation Formed tribal governments after indian reorganization act of 1934 Economics have improved via BIA funding land rights, treaty rights - seeking return of/compensation for land, have one multiple cases Hunting rights Water rights Grazing rights lawsuits Pinyon forests stripped by gov't - to create grazing lands continuation of traditional practices |
Great Basin
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