Nations To Nations Term For Test 2

Front 1

General James Wolfe

Back 1

• British Army Officer
• Known for winning Quebec from the French
• Led to British Supremacy in Canada
• Wolf killed in the line of Duty, opposing gen. may have won if he retreated
• Decisive battle in the French and Indian War

Front 2

George Greenville

Back 2

• Prime minister from 1763-1765
• Alleviate Britain’s debt after the 7 year war
• Passed laws and taxes on the colonist
o Sugar Act
o Navigation Law
o Quartering Act
o Stamp Act

Front 3

Sugar Act

Back 3

• First law ever passed by Parliament
• Act was put in place to raise revenues in the colonies for the Crown
• Increased duties of foreign sugar—mainly West Indies
• After protest the duties were lowered

Front 4

Stamp Act

Back 4

• 1765 George Greenville imposed a stamp act on the colonies
• To raise revenues to support the new military force
• Mandated the use of paper or affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax

Front 5

Townshend Acts

Back 5

• 1767 “Champagne Charley” Townshend persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend act
• Put a duty on: glass, lead, paper, and tea
• Met protest with colonist—found ways around taxes, buying smuggled tea
• Minute profits—repealed in 1770 except for tea
• Tea kept alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation

Front 6

“Boston Massacre”

Back 6

• The Colonist objected the Townshend act
• British officials were sent to enforce the Townshend Act
• Colonist attacked 10 redcoats—redcoats open fire killing/wounding 11 people

Front 7

Virtual Representation

Back 7

• The colonist rejected the legislation passed by Britain on the account that they were not represented in the Assembly—“No taxation without representation”
• George Greenville claimed that every Member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament.

Front 8

Samuel Adams

Back 8

• “Penman of the Revolution”
• Master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion
• Weak in appearance, strong politician and leader—aware and sensitive to the rights of the government
• Organized local committees of correspondence in Massachusetts
• Committees were designed to oppose British policy forced on the colonist by spreading propaganda

Front 9

First Continental Congress

Back 9

Convention and a consultative body—met for 7 weeks- Sept 5-Oct 5, 1774,in Philadelphia
• American’s response to the Intolerable Acts—way of redressing colonial grievances
• All colonies except Georgia sent 55 distinguished men
• John Adams Persuaded his colleagues towards revolution—they wrote a Declaration of Rights and Appealed to the King, British American Colonies, and the British people
• Created the Association that called for a complete boycott of English goods

Front 10

“Intolerable Act”

Back 10

• 1774- Parliament punished the people for the Boston Tea Party
• Passed laws know as the Intolerable Acts—restricted colonists; rights
o made restriction on town meetings
o and stated that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges).
o One such law was the Boston Port Act. It closed the Boston harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured.

Front 11

Olive Branch Petition

Back 11

• An appeal to the king written by John Dickinson
• It affirmed loyalty to the monarchy and blamed all troubles on the Parliament
• the king rejected this appeal, calling the Americans rebels and traitors, thus increasing hostility

Front 12

Battle of Saratoga

Back 12

• The Turning point in the War, the French were now willing to publicly support the Continental Army.
• Occurred when Burgoyne and his troops were stuck at this battle ground with supplies dwindling and men dying. Gates, along with 7000 American soldiers, moved towards Burgoyne, but the British prevailed.
• A second American attack on Burgoyne. The British suffered heavy losses, and Burgoyne was forced to surrender (Oct. 17th, 1777).

Front 13

Siege of Yorktown

Back 13

• last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies

Front 14

Continental Army

Back 14

• Created by the Continental Congress to defend America
• They fought battles at Bunker Hill, Fort Washington, and Fort Lee against the British
• Women also served by cooking, washing, and nursing the wounded

Front 15

Thomas Paine

Back 15

• Wrote Common Sense, an early push for independence.
• Absurdities of the monarchy, among other things, were discussed in the pamphlet, and thousands of copies were sold in the first few weeks.

Front 16

Declaration of Independence

Back 16

• Formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776.
• This "Shout heard round the world" has been a source of inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority.
• The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority

Front 17

Jay Gardoqui Treaty

Back 17

• Spanish closed New Orleans to Anglo-American commerce
• US sent John Jay to negotiate trading privileges.
• returned with a treaty, opened up valuable Spanish markets to eastern merchants and renounced Spanish claims to disputed southwestern lands at the cost of relinquishing American export rights through New Orleans for 20 years.
• This was rejected by Congress.

Front 18

Shay’s Rebellion

Back 18

• in western Massachusetts in 1786
• when impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies
• attempted to enforce their demands of cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers; led by Captain Daniel Shays.
• The uprising was crushed but it left fear in the propertied class of mobs.

Front 19

Articles of Confederation

Back 19

Before declaring independence-- 2nd Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft a constitution for the new nation—Articles of Confederation

adopted by Congress in 1777-- convinced France that America had a genuine government in the making

The 13 colonies were joined together for joint action in dealing with common problems such as foreign affairs

Congress had 2 major handicaps:
o It had no power to regulate commerce: left the states free to establish conflictingly laws regarding tariffs and navigation.
o Congress couldn't enforce its tax collection program : state were not force only suggest to pay

Front 20

Northwest Ordinance

Back 20

• a uniform national land policy-- created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government
• the land could then be purchased by individuals; when a territory had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states.

Front 21

English Opposition

Back 21

• Excluded from power in Parliament feared that corruption was leading to the decline and fall of the parliament system the rise of tyranny and the destruction of tradition liberties
• Argument largely ignored in England were read closely and became influential among colonial leader