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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the componants of liberalism and who says so? |
John Gray Individualism- moral primacy of individual over collective Egalitarianism Progression- society and politics constantly improved Universalism |
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When was it first used? |
Spanish party liberales in 1812 fighting for constitution Only used in the sense of a movement from 17th century Some liberal ideas in Ancient Greece (freedom under law) |
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Liberalism on human nature and soceity? |
Humans are naturally selfish (Smith) so want to pursue their own interests Soceity keeps people in check- the goal is a nightwatchman state A contract created between state and people to protect liberties |
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English Liberalism. |
Focus on individual Hobbes- civil assosiation. humans have natural liberty, leads to conflict and chaos, 'short, nasty, brutish'. Solve by entering into contracts w soverign to keep order. But maintains that slavery is natural condition- no progress Locke- civil society. all men are equal and free under law, have natural rights, they come together and create an exec power to enforce laws to ensure good quality of life. Individualism promoted through pursuing happiness. Gives right to revolution. Smith- laissaiz faire, invisible hand.They'll be a market to benefit everyone as everyone produces and buys what they want About creating a contract so individuals are safe to pursue their own freedoms. |
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French liberalism |
The freedom of the collective. Rousseau- the social contract promoting general will over individual. Everyone free, enlightened monarch. Without contract men are in a state free to pursue their own liberties leading to some people's slavery, so need a general will so no one has a right to rule over another person. Promoting collective tyranny?
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Classical liberalism in France |
During the revolution people are forced to rethink ideas of liberalism after terror and civil war screwing up the nation- how do we sort out this mess. Guizot- french historian. Deconstructs FR distinguishing between moderate liberalism and extreme jacobinism. Trying to make sense of it from a liberal perspective. A selective reading of the past, emphasising continuities but acknowledging development of political institutions dependent on social conditions (so if social condition is chaos- understandably there will be a dictatorship?) |
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Who advocates moderate liberalism and what is this? (5) |
Guizot: constitutional monarchy nightwatchman state (coined 1862) liberty and equality protected- freedom can be curtailed in threat of revolution laissaiz faire and toleration progress of society, no revolution |
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Describe classical liberalism in England (4) |
-Glorious Revolution 1688 leads to first modern liberal state- bill of rights, acts of toleration and freedom of press -1829 catholic emancipation -1832 reform act (increases electorate) -1846 repeal of corn laws (no more tarifs) Favours retrenchment and laissiaz faire e.g. Gladstone 1861liberal economics- stressing self help, low tax, little intervention - but no nightwatchman state Mill- rule utilitarianism- helps the government promote the interests of the general people, lots of freedom and choice to make sure that everyone can make such decisions, focus on progress. On liberty- sole purpose of gov is to protect, only exercise against rights of people is to prevent harm; 'self protection' - the only 'end' in which men are 'warrented' to interefere with liberty Builds on Smith and accepts some market intervention to help solve economic troubles e.g. alcohol tax. A voice for feminism- they shouldn't be excluded from vote and can't say they're naturally worse than people as we havent tried |
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What was new liberalism |
1905 liberals- poverty an obsticle- active principle to remove this so people can pursue liberty. Reassessing classical lib. |
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What was Burke's critic? (4) |
humans are creatures of tradtion and habit, not self interest political soceity does not depend on a contract- it endures even if members come and go liberties are not universal/natural- they are freedoms people enjoy that differ depending on society democracy gives most power to those least responsible- society needs to be led by responsible |
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What are the challenges to liberalism? |
1) Conservatism. likes tradition e.g. preventing women from vote, conservative reaction to FR, burke who prefers monarchy and aristocracy 2) Socialism- stronger attraction for reform? Getting rid of the state, still collective society for the people, it against capitalism (inequality) 3) religion. there is an absolute moral code to follow. e.g. clashes with catholic and france Pius ix in 19th century- he reinstates anti liberal proposistions e.g. ghettos for jews, counter attacked with reduction of church influence by gov- state appropriation of ecclesiastical functions. 4) depressions of 20th century- want more economic planning 5) Imperialism- advocates oppression and rule and tyranny, e.g. napoleon invasion of haiti. |
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What does John Hobsen argue? |
Challenges idea of liberal imperialism (like france), it exploits people and is assosiated with war and rebellion. Challenges the moral stance on it in 20th century |
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What is modern liberalism? |
grow of consumerism favours the intellectual over collective, decline of traditional industry encourages individualism, reaction against communism calls for liberty decline in utopias and revolution example of America where liberalism was never replaced by socialism |
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Challenges to modern liberalism? |
China- free economy at extent of political autocracy- can you ever have true liberalism? Instead of liberal political order, there are global politics- converging, not individualistic. |
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Features of 19th century european liberalism |
1) France. Louis xviii in 1814, freedom of thought, press, religion, equality before law. Reaction against Charles X who is conservative (divenely appointed) -> Louis Phillipe who rules on national will (Rousseau). 2)Germany. rise of anti liberalsim post unification- urbanisation -> mayors -> more concentration of power. Liberals support the reduction of catholic influence, where now 37% of nation are catholic as result of unification. growth of social democracy and more protection e.g. welfare state- intervention from state. England most liberal then? |
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What is the argument related to liberalism and empire- and who advocates it?
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Uday Mehta- In history, liberalism has excluded people. -it will always in practise be exclusionary. Behind conditions of universalism there are social and cultural conditions that begin to define exclusions- our social ideas form our society, and this differs from society to society, meaning universalism can never work in practice -British liberalism - the focus on utilitarianism- created exclusion- the practise of colonialism trumps liberalism and means its exclusionary- while there are empires there cannot be liberalism- again excluded from universability. Utilitarianism created exclusionary practises. Using example of Mill (a liberal theologian) who writes about india as a 'chaotic mess'- limit on political inclusions as India will not meet them so can't be included in UK's liberalism. They talk about indians as inscrutable so incapable of Victorian virtue, so excluded on basis of character. England therefore have a right to rule over these barbarious people through colonialism, therefore excluded from equality. -Locke's theory is exclusionary despite founded in inclusion. To access laws of nature (equality and freedom etc) you need to be able to reason- but not everyone can. To included in a civil soceity, you need to be able to reason to be able to give consent- not everyone can- they're excluded and can be goverened without consent- encourages Hitler acts? |
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What does inclusionary and exclusionary and universal mean? |
-to be considered -------------------- - deny someone privilege -remove from consideration -relating/applicable to all cases/people |
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How has the definition of nation evolved? |
Medieval- students who share the same language Early modern- the nobility of the state Modern- Abbe Sieyes. a political and social notion- revolution pushes people towards a state of dependency on each other, political power in the hands of the people |
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What are the two different theories of nation building? |
Benedict Anderson- immagined communities. printing press, spread of vernacular languages mobilises reading publics and new communities are imagined. Connecting capitalism, print and linguistic diversity. Ernst Renan- nation develops from people seeking a collective identity and have a common purpose e.g. FR |
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How is a nation created? (4) |
-The celebration of a common past (Heidi Tarver) -Celebration of geography e.g. French Alps are considered part of the French nature- a distinctive feature -Emergence of national education systems help develop common language, ideas and values e.g. Nazi germany -Development of a public sphere (Habermas) |
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What are the componants of the nation state? |
-integrative travel connects people and trade -Common market and national bureaucracies (TUS) e.g. in nation building of Germany the zollverein links states and increases internal trade as its free, helps cement allies -Political institution- the state -military and warfare- fighting for a nation (france) and fighting to protect (germany) |
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How is capitalism linked to nation building and nationalism? |
Ernst Gellner- nation: industrial society homogenizes people, urbanization, population increase, creates public sphere. nationalism: economic colonialism- nations orintated by trade and industry want economic superiosity, use colonies goods, example of India how was trade, and British influence gets more and more pervasive and conflict results in full British control. (reflective of Lenin). |
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How has nationalism emerged in relation to nation building? |
Early modern- sense of national belonging through public spheres outside of the state e.g. a 'german culture' and common language France- the people are the nation- french nationalism built through fighting wars, through defending their nation, through their calls for equality, liberty and fraternity unite the nation under common goal, nationalistic songs 'rise up citizens of the father land' Germany- in response to napoleon invasion, nationalism found in attempts to drive out a foreigner |
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Comparison of nation building- france and germnany |
Germany- the nation is unified- no unification after 1848 revolutions, too much conflict between prussian and austrian interests, idea of lesser and greater germany, after wars of unification lesser germany wins- nation state born on strong national identity, loyality, will power, quite conservative France- nation building. Louis xviii- liberal and allows freedoms Charles x- rules as absolute monarch revolution and louis-phillipe is there on popular sovereignty Bonapart Empire- curbs freedom Republic- relatively liberal |
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How have the politics of nationalism evolved? |
1800s- originally leftist, focus on democracy and everyone having a say and an input into the nation, against monarchal rule late 19th century- aggressive nationalism e.g. Hitler in Germany- invasions of austria, sudentenland, poland- living space, making germnay great), imperialism (British into Hong Kong and Burma), napoleon and haiti- maybe not so later on that it developed then. becomes more ethinically orientated- exclusionary. particularlay anti-semetic e.g. scapegoating of jews for problems in france 1870 for losing franco prussian war for weakening national spirit, in germnay accused of being alien element to german culture e.g. wagner essay in jewishness in german music 1850, and scapegoated for germany's problems |
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Examples of national aggression |
late 19th century- aggressive nationalism e.g. Hitler in Germany- invasions of austria, sudentenland, poland- living space, making germnay great), imperialism (British into Hong Kong and Burma), napoleon and haiti- maybe not so later on that it developed then. |
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link between nationalism and ethinicity |
becomes more ethinically orientated- exclusionary. particularlay anti-semetic e.g. scapegoating of jews for problems in france 1870 for losing franco prussian war for weakening national spirit, in germnay accused of being alien element to german culture e.g. wagner essay in jewishness in german music 1850, and scapegoated for germany's problems |
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Clash between marxism and nationalism? |
want world wide socialism- national differences aren't as important as class, want to unite. nationalism want to be superior |
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What is the connection and evolution of nationalism and empire? |
early 1800s- against empire. Johann Gottfried Herder- insists on the mutual respect of nations and advancing all national groupings- no colonial exploitation as nations should peacefully cooperate late 19th century- nationalism turn imperial- expanionism seen as strengthening the mother country e.g. Hitler and lebrensraum, leading to the anti colonial uprisings post ww2. |
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What does Alice Conklin argue? |
Connecting liberalism and empire/nationalism France owes it to its traditions and its principles to stayat the head of liberal and civilizing nations"- they want to get rid of cheifs as seen as feudalsim- want to liberate the population and put in proper rulers. Want to 'develop' them by teaching them 'superior french' ideas. france's imperial mission was to 'lift up' states that were 'inferior'. Universalism and right to all for freedom and equality-> liberate africans from ignorence. Universalism constructed a western superiosity over 'inferior' nations- france civilising mission suffocates african culture e.g. making french language national one. |
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Is liberalism exclusionary? |
-its exclusionary of different cultures. e.g. france ideas of universalism underpinned colonialism- the french culture trumped the african one. In a sense this is also inclusion- inclusion into the french culture. Britain excludes Indian culture as unscrutable, and therefore rules over it -idea of universalism says there is one true way of doing things, and in this way it is always exclusionary as other cultures are suppressed. |
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What is the debate regarding nationalism today? |
Matthew Dogan- 'post nationalistic' phase, seeking global cooperation with EU, UN, and integration of cultures and languages. Zachery Keck- the new age of nationalism- the rise of national parties e.g. UKIP, Front National in France, the link between economic disaster and nationalism e.g. Greece, Scotland wanting independence. |
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what does P chatterjee argue? |
nationalism represents the attempt to actualize in political terms theuniveral urge for liberty and progress- but is most destructive force Nationalism represents an urge forprogress and freedom |
