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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Boarding/residential schools
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Residential boarding schools established in late 19th century
Some were established in reservations, others were not Project to remove children from their families in order to make them “white” |
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Carlisle Indian Industrial School (tom torlino Richard Henry Pratt)
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Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879 1918
Over 10,000 kids attended “kill the indian, save the man.” Richard henry Tom Torlino: became extremely “white” looking Many people said they would never teach their children anything about indian culture |
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impacts of boarding schools (language, biological species metaphor, what is lost?)
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Language endangerment:
- languages are no longer being acquired by children as their first language Biological species metaphor: - Many native American languages that were vibrant before colonization are longer spoken today - Others have only a few elderly fluent first language speakers remaining Similar stories repeated across the Americas - details different, result is the same Boarding schools weren’t the only factor, but are an important one - symbol of assimilationist pressure What is being lost? - whether you care about language or not, there is some form of pressure whether internal or external that loses the language, it is not a moral/natural loss |
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Native American Languages Act
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Preserve protect and promote the freedom of native americans to use practice and develop native American languages
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Language revitalization
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What do we revitalize and why do we reclaim the right to use language?
Goals: everyone using language and respecting it Revitalization activities: - Events that promote the use of language in specific activities - Classes for adults - Classes for children: as a part of regular school curriculum, language centered in early childhood education, immersion schools - Connecting learners with resources using technology |
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Master-‐Apprentice Program
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- Leave English behind
– make yourself understood through nonverbal communication if necessary • Focus especially on verbs and whole sentences • Learn through shared activities (e.g., cooking) • Repetition without boredom • Focus on useful language – things you can easily use in daily life with family and friends • Apprentice teaches what he/she learns to others But what about everyone else? |
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Breath of Life Workshop
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•Biennial workshop sponsored by AICLS, hosted at UC Berkeley
• People spend a week finding materials in four different archives • Training to get people started – survival linguistics – teaching methods • Exposes non-‐Native linguists to concerns of California’s indigenous communities |
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Breath of Life project
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• Students spend the week preparing a final
project • Based entirely on interpreting archival material and/or published grammars, dictionaries, etc. • Flexible: students pick a project that is useful to them • Focus on going home with something that can be used right away – teaching materials |
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Powwow (Elements of a Powwow)
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• Drumming, singing, dancing
• Emcee – keeping the schedule moving along – jokes and “paeer” • Grand Entry – Eagle staff – flags (tribal, US, POW) – veterans and honored guests – dancers • Generosity • Vendors and concessions • ERqueee |
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Different types of powwow dancing
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• Straight Dancing
• Fancy Dancing • Shawl Dancing • Jingle Dancing |
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Purpose of powwows
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“Clearly the powwow does as much to divide Indian people as it does to unite them"
“The powwow’s role in maintaining old ways and introducing new ones is compelling and clear.” PowWows are the Native American people’s way of meeting together, to join in dancing, singing, visiting, renewing old friendships, and making new ones. This is a time ... to renew Native American culture and preserve the rich heritage of American Indians.” |
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Powwow discrimination/resistance
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Late 19th century: traditional Indian religious practices actively discouraged
– dancing an important part of ceremonial life for many groups • Dance as a form of resistance • Wild West shows became a venue where dances could be safely practiced • (Some) dancing became “public, performative, and intertribal” • Widespread across Indian country in US and Canada by the 1930s – influence of Plains culture area (singing styles, regalia), but with local variations |
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Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement and STUDY
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“a negotiated agreement to study the potential removal of four dams on the Klamath River and, should a decision be made to remove these dams, the agreement provides a path forward on undertaking this removal.”
(Klamath Facilities Removal Final EIS/EIR Executive Study) • signed by 45 organizations • not an agreement to remove any dams – a framework for assessing potential consequences of dam removal – “no action” is one of the possible outcomes – a process for decommissioning and removing dams if consequences of removal are deemed better than taking no action |
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Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement
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• Restore and sustain natural fish production and
provide for full participation in ocean and river harvest opportunities of these fish. • Establish reliable water and power supplies for Refuges in the Upper Klamath Basin. • Contribute to public welfare and sustainability of all communities through reliable water supply; affordable electricity; programs to offset potential property tax losses and address economic development issues in counties; and, efforts to support tribal fishing and their long-‐term economic self-‐sufficiency. agricultural uses, communities, and National Wildlife. |
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Sea ice
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• Reflects solar light back into space, keeping polar
regions cool – rising temperatures melt sea ice – more solar energy is absorbed, further raising temperatures • When sea water freezes, most salt is pushed into ocean water below – water immediately below sea ice has a higher concentration of salt than deeper ocean water, so it sinks – “conveyor belt” global circulation of ocean water • polar water sinks and moves towards equator • warmer equatorial water moves towards poles |
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Sila Inuk Project
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• Working with Inuit hunters to document the
effects of climate change, who report – thinner ice – changes to permafrost & runoff patterns – movement of animal populations – rising sea level – more extreme Tidal fluctuations |
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Climate change
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Scientific Consensus on climate change
- Earth’s temperature will be higher than it is today - Estimate given in Parker and Grossman: 2-5 degrees Celsius - US environemtnal protection agency: 2-11.5 Fahrenheit - Range reflects different climate models and different assumptions about carbon emissions |
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Three scenarios for climate change
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Low emission predictions
Medium emission predictions High emission predictions Even under low emissions temperature will go up Native American people, especially in rural areas, are among the first to directly experience the effects of climate change |
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Impacts in the arctic
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Melting sea ice, glaciers, and permafrost
Fires More insects and other pests Flooding Droughts Species extinction - polar bears are now a threatened category |
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Tuktoyaktuk Village (population 954)
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Right at sea level, if oceans rise, it goes.
(this is the canary in the coal mine) Warmer temperatures - sea ice melting - permafrost is thawing |
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effects of climate
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- erosion inceasing
- homes on permafrost now unstable - drinking water contaminated - ice cellars for food unusable Village may soon no longer be viable |
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Voluntary isolated persons
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Amazon rainforest is home to indigenous peoples
Still many uncontacted groups who have not had significant direct contact with outside world In brazil, 67 voluntary isolated groups according to a 2007 report by Brazil |
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Rainforest
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1/10 known species on earth
1.4 billion acres of forest 4100 miles of rivers - 16% of fresh water discharge into ocean rainforest as a carbon sink - co2 converted to oxygen photosynthesis - fewer forest à less photosynthesis à more co2 |
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Deforestation
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• At least 17% of Amazon rainforest lost in the
past 50 years |
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Carbon sink
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- 16% of fresh water discharge into ocean
rainforest as a carbon sink |
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Traditional environmental knowledge
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“Biodiversity and cultural diversity are intimately—some would say inextricably—related to each other. Humans have adapted to life in particular environments, while drawing resources from those environments to sustain themselves. In so doing, they have needed to acquire in-‐depth knowledge of species, their relationships, and ecosystem functions and to learn how to tailor their practices to suit their ecological niches. To a large extent, this has meant learning about stewardship and responsibility: how to use natural resources without depleting them, and ouen by enhancing them, to preserve options for the future—in a nutshell, the very principle of sustainable development.”
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Social capital
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- Social relationships and values are an asset
- Circulation of knowledge is a form of social capital (indigenous knowledge of the forests) The rainforest has been sustainably managed by people for a long time Biodiversity in the amazon was perfectly compatible with human existence there, cultural practices may be a really good source of info about sustainable practices |
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Vitality Index of Traditional Environmental Knowledge
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• Measures transgenerational retention of TEK
– three generations (parents, children, grandchildren) – developed locally in a given community • What knowledge is most at risk of being lost • How rapidly is the loss occurring? • What is causing the loss? |
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Zapatista Movement
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– Zapatista National Liberation Army
– composed mainly of various Maya groups from the region – named for Emiliano Zapata, a hero of the Mexican Revolution • Occupation of municipalities in Chiapas • Central objective is defense of indigenous lands and natural resources • Brought international attention to indigenous people’s rights in Mexico and globally • Movement continues today (focused on nonviolent resistance) |
